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eyes ears nose drugs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| amblyopia | Reduced vision in one eye caused by disuse or misuse of the eye, also known as “lazy eye”. |
| aqueous humor | The clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea. |
| auditory ossicles | Three tiny bones in the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes) that transmit sound vibrations. |
| auditory tube | A tube connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx, which equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the outside air. |
| cerumen | Earwax, a waxy substance secreted in the external ear canal. |
| choroid | The vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue and lying between the retina and the sclera. |
| ciliary body | The part of the eye that connects the iris to the choroid; it contains the ciliary muscle, which controls the shape of the lens, and the ciliary epithelium, which produces aqueous humor. |
| cochlea | The spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations. |
| cones | Photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and function best in bright light. |
| conjunctivitis | Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane lining the eyelid and covering the white part of the eye. |
| cornea | The transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris and pupil and allows light to enter. |
| diplopia | Double vision. |
| eardrum | The tympanic membrane, which vibrates in response to sound waves and transmits the vibrations to the middle ear. |
| external acoustic meatus | The ear canal, leading from the outer ear to the eardrum. |
| fovea centralis | A small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. |
| labyrinth | The inner ear, consisting of a complex system of interconnecting canals and chambers. |
| macula lutea | A yellowish area on the retina surrounding the fovea, which is rich in cones and provides high visual acuity. |
| macular degeneration | A progressive eye condition that damages the macula, leading to loss of central vision. |
| optic disc | The location where the optic nerve exits the eye; it lacks photoreceptors and creates a blind spot. |
| organ of Corti | The sensory organ in the cochlea that contains hair cells, which transduce sound vibrations into electrical signals. |
| ototoxicity | Damage to the inner ear caused by exposure to drugs or chemicals. |
| oval window | An opening in the middle ear that leads to the inner ear. |
| pupil | The opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye. |
| retina | The light-sensitive layer of tissue lining the back of the eye. |
| rods | Photoreceptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light and dark and are responsible for night vision. |
| saccule | A small, sac-like structure in the inner ear that senses static head position and linear acceleration. |
| sclera | The white outer layer of the eyeball. |
| semicircular canals | Three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear that detect rotational movements of the head. |
| suspensory ligaments | Fibers that connect the ciliary body to the lens of the eye, holding the lens in place and allowing it to change shape. |
| utricle | A small, sac-like structure in the inner ear that senses static head position and linear acceleration. |
| uvea | The middle layer of the eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. |
| vitreous humor | The clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eyeball. |
| conjunctiva | lines the anterior eye and inner part of the eyelids. The conjunctiva covers the sclera, therefore appearing white even though it is actually clear. |
| Ophthalmic Antibiotics | Ophthalmic Antibiotics |
| Aminoglycosides | gentamicin Genoptic, tobramycin Tobrex |
| Fluoroquinolones | besifloxacin Besivance, ciprofloxacin Ciloxan, gatifloxacin Zymar, moxifloxacin Vigamox, norfloxacin Chibroxin, ofloxacin Ocuflox, polymyxin/trimethoprim Polytrim, polymyxin B sulfate Polymyxin B |
| Macrolides | azithromycin AzaSite, erythromycin Ilotycin |
| Sulfonamide | sulfacetamide Bleph-10 |
| Misc Antibiotics | bacitracin, polymyxin B/trimethoprim Polytrim |
| Anitfungal | natamycin Natacyn |
| Antivirals | ganciclovir Zirgan, trifluiridne Viroptic |
| Immunological Agent | cyclosporine Restasis |
| Topical Medications Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis | Topical Medications Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis |
| Decongestants | naphazoline Naphcon® Clear Eyes Redness Relief®, oxymetazoline Visine-LR, phenylephrine Refresh Redness Relief, tetrahydrozoline Visine |
| Decongestants and Antihistamines | naphazoline/antazoline Vasocon-A, naphazoline/pheniramine Naphcon-A OPcon-A Visine-A |
| Histamine Antagonists | alcaftadine Lastacaft, emedastine Emadine |
| Histamine Antagonists and Mast Cell Stabilizers | azelastine Optivar, bepotastine Bepreve, epinastine Elestat, ketotifen Zaditor, olopatadine (0.1%) Patanol, olopatadine (0.2%) Pataday |
| Mast Cell Stabilizers | cromolyn Crolom, lodoxamide Alomide, nedocromil Alocril, pemirolast Alamast |
| Glaucoma | glaucoma leads to permanent optic nerve damage, which can progress to blindness. It is the second leading cause of blindness throughout the world, affecting about 6% of adults |
| Drugs Used to Dilate the Pupils | Drugs Used to Dilate the Pupils |
| Mydriatic (Sympathomimetic) | phenylephrine Mydfrin |
| Cycloplegics (Anticholinergics) | atropine Isopto Atropine®, cyclopentolate Cyclogyl, homatropine Isopto Homatropne, scopolamine hydrobromide Isopto Hyoscine, tropicamide Mydriacyl Tropicacyl |
| Open-Angle Glaucoma | aqueous humor reabsorption is impaired by a blockage at the level of the trabecular meshwork of the eye. meshwork is complex network of tissue located where cornea meets iris and it contributes to maintaining proper eye pressure by regulating eye fluid |
| Angle-Closure Glaucoma | Narrowing of the aqueous humor drainage system, which may also become completely closed, causes acute angle-closure (also called closed-angle) glaucoma. This results in a fast and significant increase in intraocular pressure |
| prostaglandins | (bimatoprost [Lumigan®], latanoprost [Xalatan®], tafluprost [Zioptan®], and travoprost [Travatan Z®] |
| alpha adrenergic agonists | (brimonidine [Alphagan®]) apraclonidine Iopidine |
| Cholinergic agonists | (pilocarpine and carbachol [both generic]), carbachol Miostat Carboptic, echothiophate Iodide Phospholine Iodide, pilocarpine Isopto Carpine Pilopine Pilocar |
| single rho kinase inhibitor | (netarsudil [Rhopressa®]) |
| other drugs | latanoprost-timolol (Xalacom®), travoprost-timolol (Duotrav®), dorzolamide-timolol (Cosopt®), brimonidine-timolol (Combigan®), |
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | (dorzolamide [Trusopt®] acetazolamide Diamox, brinzolamide Azopt, methazolamide Methazolamide |
| Beta-Adrenergic Blockers | betaxolol Betoptic S®, carteolol Carteolol Hydrochloride, levobynolol Betagan, metipranolol OptiPranolol, timolol Betimol Istalol Timoptic |
| Combination Products | brimonidine/timolol Combigan, timolol/dorzolamide Cosopt |
| Nonselective Sympathomimetics | dipivefrin HCl Propine |
| Osmotic Diuretics | isosorbide Ismotic, mannitol Osmitrol |
| Corticosteroids—High Potency | fluorometholone (0.1%) Flarex, prednisolone (1%) Pred Forte, rimexolone (1%) Vexol |
| Corticosteroids—Intermediate Potency | dexamethasone (0.1%) Maxidex®, difluprednate (0.05%) Durezol®, fluorometholone (0.1%) FML®, fluorometholone (0.25%) FML Forte®, loteprednol (0.2%) Lotemax®, loteprednol (0.5%) Alrex, prednisolone acetate (0.12%) Pred Mild® |
| Corticosteroids—Low Potency | dexamethasone (0.05%) or (0.1%) Decadron® Maxidex®, medrysone (1%) HMS® |
| Macular Degeneration | can result in loss of central vision, making it difficult for the person to see fine details, read, or recognize the faces of others. It is the leading cause of blindness in people older than 50 years in the United States |
| dry Macular Degeneration | the most common form |
| wet Macular Degeneration | characterized by exudate or fluid leaking from the eye |
| Diabetic Retinopathy | Diabetic retinopathy affects the retinal blood vessels and usually occurs between eight and ten years after onset of diabetes mellitus |
| Retinal Detachment | separation (elevation) of the retina from the choroid. The condition usually begins when a tear in the retina allows fluid to leak underneath it, causing separation from the choroid |
| Dry Eyes | severe chronic dry eye can lead to additional eye damage when not treated. |
| Otitis Media | inflammation of the inner ear, which may be unilateral or bilateral. Like external otitis, it is a common cause of earaches, and both of these conditions are regularly referred to by the term “earache. |
| Medications Used to Treat Otitis Media | Medications Used to Treat Otitis Media |
| Analgesics | antipyrine/benzocaine Auralgan |
| Cephalosporins | cefdinir Omnicef®, ceftriaxone Rocephin®, cefuroxime Ceftin® |
| Macrolide | azithromycin Zithromax |
| Penicillins | amoxicillin Moxatag®, amoxicillin/clavulanatecAugmentin® |
| Additional Medications for Various Ear Disorders | acetic acid/hydrocortisone VoSol HC®, Acetasol HC®, antipyrine/benzocaine Auralgan®, benzocaine/benzethonium chloride/glycerin/polyethylene glycol 300 Americaine, Otic®, carbamide peroxide Debrox Otic®ciprofloxacin Cetraxal®, |
| Additional Medications for Various Ear Disorders | ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone Ciprodex®, ciprofloxacin/hydrocortisone Cipro HC Otic®, polymyxin B/neomycin/hydrocortisone Cortisporin®, triethanolamine polypeptide oleate-condensate Cerumenex |
| Otitis Externa | Ear infections are commonly associated with swimming as water remaining in the outer ear canal can facilitate bacterial and fungal growth. |
| Allergic Rhinitis | irritation and inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the nasal passages. It is caused by exposure to allergens |
| Antihistamines (non-sedating) | cetirizine Zyrtec®, fexofenadine Allegra®, loratadine Claritin® |
| Antihistamines (Sedating) | chlorpheniramine Chlor-Trimeton®, diphenhydramine Benadryl® |
| Antihistamine/Mast Cell Stabilizer | naphazoline Clear Eyes Redness Relief® |
| Antihistamine/Decongestant | tetrahydrozoline Opti-Clear® |
| Decongestants | cromolyn Nasalcrom®, oxymetazoline Afrin® |
| Mast Cell Stabilizer | ketotifen Zaditor |
| Bacterial Sinusitis | infection of the sinuses with related inflammation of the nose and nasal passages. It may be secondary to an upper respiratory viral infection. |
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