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Stack #4689950
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mast cells | secrete histamine->blood vessel dilation |
| macrophages | secrete chemokines |
| chemokines | chem gradient path |
| neutrophils | come out of blood vessels, destroy antigens phago style |
| dendritic cells | capture antigens and present , messengers between innate and adaptive systems |
| Lymphocytes | adaptive B and T cells |
| Do B cells of T cells bind directly to antigens? | B cells bind directly, T cells bind only to antigens that have been presented |
| Class 1 MHC proteins | Antigen is from within the cell, MHC is loaded in ER |
| Class II MHC Proteins | Antigen is from outside of cell, MHC is loaded in endosome |
| Four functions of antibodies | opsonization, neutralization, agglutination, activate complement proteins(lethal) |
| the humoral response targets | extracellular antigens |
| the cell mediated response targets | intracellular antigens |
| surrounding oocyte | vitellene envelope(zona pellucida humans) and then corona radiata |
| zona pellucida equals | vitelline envelope |
| jelly layer in sea urchin equals | corona radiata in mammals |
| during the follicular phase, estradiol levels are | initially low, inhibiting LH, until growth and subsequent LH surge |
| In luteal phase, estradiol and progesterone levels: | estradiol levels are low, progesterone levels high |
| Rise in progesterone levels during luteal phase | inhibits LH and FSH, causes thickened uterine lining |
| the corpus luteum secretes | progesterone |
| High progesterone causes...(high or low LH) | Low LH |
| No fertilization- | progesterone levels fall as corpus luteum degenerates, fall in progesterone causes lining to shed |
| whats bigger- ovary or ovule | ovary |
| POllen grain includes | tube cell nucleus and generative cell |
| what is the generative cell | divides by mitosis to form 2 sperm cells |
| Symplastic route | via plasmodesmata (cytoplasmic channels) |
| apoplastic route | cells walls and places between cells(blocked at casparian strip) |
| transmembrane route | via aquaporins |
| phenotypic plasticity refers to | a single organism, no DNA change, ex plants looking different at different elevations |
| acclimitization is | a reversible phenotypic change in an individual in response to environment |
| endotherm | basal metabolic rate is enought to keep warm |
| homeotherm | keeps temperature constant |
| trichomes | hairlike outgrowths of epidermis on shoot system |
| Three types of ground tissue | Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma |
| Parenchyma | most common, in leaves theyre filled with chloroplasts, totipotent-can develop into entire plant |
| collenchyma | primarily in shoot support |
| sclerenchyma | thick secondary wall(lignin) in addition to primary (cellulose), usually dead at maturity |
| under root cap: | zone of division-elongation-maturation |
| protoderm gives rise to | dermal tissue system |
| ground meristem gives rise to | ground tissue system(bulk of primary plant body) |
| procambium gives rise to | vascular tissue system |
| cambium | cylinder of meristematic cells running length of root/trunk/branch increase with during secondary growth produces second xylem towards interior and secondary phloem towards exterior |
| What is photorespiration | reverse of photosynthesis, occurs when Rubisco adds O2 to Rubp rather than Co2 increases in hot and dry conditions |
| C3 pathway | "classic" rubisco catalyzes CO2 to RuBP @ bundle sheath cells |
| C4 pathway | CO2 is first fixed by Pep carboxylase @mesophyll cells, 4C product is transported to bundle sheath cells for Calvin |
| C4 is more efficient because | releases C at bundle sheath cells near Rubisco, higher affinity than O2 |
| CAM | Like C4, uses Pep carboxylase, acts as a CO2 concentrator before calvin cycle, make 4C compund. Stomata open at night, let in CO2 into CAM cycle, Calvin happens during the day with stomata closed |
| Rank nitrogenous waste from least to most water | Ammonia dissufion, pee out urea, uric acid |
| Osmoconforming cartilagenous fish | salinity isnt that of the ocean, but urea conc keeps osmolarity equals cost=proteins to deal with urea |
| malphigian tubules | filter out urine from the hemolymph of insects active transport K in, solutes and N waste follow, water reabsorbed at hindgut |
| apical membrane faces | hollow butthole |
| Shark rectal gland | Na K pump on basolateral membrane establishes gradient grandient- end goal export Cl out apical side |
| ADH | released when dehydrated, causes aquaporin insertion, large amount of H2O reabsorbed |
| macronutrients means | large quantities are needed N P K |
| Cations in soil | attach to neg charged soil, prevent from leeching but hard to extract, anions dissolve in water bc of H bonding, available for absorption but easily leached |
| Cation exchange | more acidic soil from Co2 release, protons displace cations off soil particles |
| Mycorrhize | exchange nutrients for sugar |
| symbiotic bacteria | fix nitrogen, Rhizobium genus, nodules, take sugar from plant flavanoids and nod factors are species specific |
| chemoreception in tast buds | food chemicals bind to membrane protein, trigger action potential in sensory neurons |
| Odorants | axons from olfactory neurons project to glomoleruli and olfactory bulb each chemo neuron has one type of oder receptor protein |
| mechanoreceptors detect | pressure changes |
| what is the ear vibrates | basilar membrane, shair cells stereocillia sandwhiched btween basilar membran and tectoral membrane, narrow towards oval window, hair cells respond to their specific frequency |
| Who digests protein in the stomach | Pepsin- stored as inactive form pepsinogen, activated by acid |
| Pancreatic lipase | digests lipids in SI, but needs bile salts to first emulsify fats |
| What cells secrete HCl | Parietal cells. Pump out H using ATP. Carbonic acid is exchanged for Cl at the basolateral side. CL diffuses into lumen |
| What secretes pepsinogen | chief cells |
| Proteases function where | the SI, they are made in inactive form in the pancreas |
| enteropeptidase activates | trypsin from trypsinogen, activates all other proteases |
| secretin hormone | in response to food arrival in stomach |
| Insulin | secreted by pancreas when blood glucose is too high. Acts by binding to receptors on cells and increasing their glucose uptake |
| When blood glucose is too low, pancreas secretes | glucagon. stimulates liver cells to beak down glycogen into glucose |
| Type 1 diabete | dont synthesize insulin bc insulin producing cells of pancreas are self-destroyed Type 2 - cells resistant to insulin |
| Acid growth hyporthesis | proton pumps out, cell is neg inside so K+ enters, water follows |
| Phytochrome | A pigment protein with two conformations. When Pr absorbs red light it converts to Pfr, when Pfr absorbs far red light it converts back to Pr. Pfr form activates seed germination because it means there hasnt been any Far red light. |
| Which phytochrome conformation encourages germination? | Pfr |
| Amyloplasts | starch storing organelles, activate membrane pressure receptors in root cap cells. stimulating gravitropic response |
| In roots, auxin | Inhibits growth |
| thigmotropism | moving in response to touch |
| Cytokinins | promote cell division and senescense, made in developing organs and root apical meristem, bind to receptors in the ER, activates cyclins to regulate cell cycle |
| Giberellins | hormone, stimulate growth diffuse from embryo to aleurone layer, which releases a amylase to break starch to sugar for embryo |
| Abscisic acid | hormone, inhibits growth |
| brassinosteroids | increase mass, are a steroid hormone but dont eneter the cell |
| Steroid hormones | from cholesterol, hydrophobic, diffuse freely across phoslip bilayer |
| Thyroid hormones are unique becuase | t3 and t4, they are lipid soluble, despite being amine derived |
| Insulin is what kind of hormone | peptide |
| How does an action potential start | voltage gated Na channels, Na rushes in |
| ligand gated channels | neurotransmitters bind , open post synaptic channels to depolarize the cell |
| Efferent | carries infor from CNS to PNS, |
| Somatic | voluntary |
| Autonomic | involuntary parasympathetic- rest and digest sympathetic-fight or flight |
| tropomyosin and troponin | regulatory for skel muscles, sit on thin(actin) filament and block myosin binding site. Inhibited by Ca2+ |
| Acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter. Muscle have ligand gated channel to with Ach is the ligand. Ach binds, opens channels, depolarization.AP spreads down T tubule. Ca channels open in sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
| Myoglobin | HOlds O2 in muscles, especially slow oxidative fibers |
| Constitutive defenses vs inducible defenses | waxy cuticle and spikes vs drugs, proteinase inhibitors |
| systemin | wound response hormone, causes jasmonic acid(hormone) to induce production of proteinase inhibitors |
| After hypersensitive response | hormone travels throughout plant to activate systematic aquired resistance and prime rest of plant body for defense. |
| parthenogenesis | asexual repro, identical DNA |
| lymphocytes are | B and T cells, mature in bone marrow and thymus |
| Each B cell makes | one specific kind of antibody |
| Antibodies vs B cell receptors | identical, but secreted rather than transmembrane |
| BCRs | cover the surface of B cells. recognize specific antigen epitope. |
| Once the BCR contacts epitope of antigen | B cell will display antigen via class II MHC protein on its surface. Complementary TH2 will bind to MHC protein-antigen complex, and activate the B cell via cytokines, activated B cell will divide and make antibodies |
| TH2 vs TH1 | TH2 activates B cells. TH1 activates cytotoxic T cells |
| BCR can bind | directly to antigen epitope |
| TCRs cannot bind | directly to antigen. The need other cells like dentritic cells to process antigen into peptide fragments and display via MHC proteins |
| cross linking | On a B cell, BCRs will bind many epitopes at once- activates B cell kind of. once activated, cloning happens |
| Class II MHC proteins (antigen from outside) are loaded in | endosomes, whereas Class I MHC proteins (from inside) are loaded at the Er |
| CD4 t cells | recognize dendritic cells that present antigens via MHC class II proteins |
| CD8 t cells | recognize dendritic cells that present antigens via MHC class I proteins |
| CD8 t cells become | cytotoxic t cells, will destroy infected cells |
| CD4 t cells become | helper t cells. TH1-activate cytotoxic t cells. TH2-activate B cells |
| B cell displays antigen fragments and needs permission from | TH2 cell to activate. |
| humoral response | especially effective for antigens outside cells. involves TH2 cells activating B cells that make antibodies- opsonization, neutralization, agglutination, lethal proteins |
| cell mediated response | target infected host cells (intracellular antigens). involves TH1 cells that activate phago and cytotoxic t cells |
| attenuated viruses | alive, but from other species |
| vitelline envelope in human is called | zona pellucida |
| jelly layer equals | corona radiata |
| acrosome | contents digest jelly layer |
| bindin protein | on PM of egg and sperm that recognizes same species |
| Ca wave causes | cort granules to fuse and release proteases to kill sperm receptor, ions released to area btwn PM and vit env, water follows |
| the corpus luteum excretes | PROGESTERONE, which negatively inhibits LH and FSH |
| normally, low estrogen exhibits | neg feedback |
| estrogen surge causes | switch to pos feedback,, LH surge, follicle rupture |
| trophoblast and ICM | tropho-placenta ICM-embryo |
| apical basal axis | apical is smaller |
| generative cell becomes | 2 sperm |
| during gastrulation | three germ layers form, body axis are established |
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