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Bio Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lipids function | Long |
| Lipids structure | Made of C, H, O with nonpolar covalent bonds; hydrophobic; no true monomer |
| Why lipids are hydrophobic | Nonpolar bonds do not interact with polar water molecules |
| Phospholipid | Molecule with hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails |
| Phospholipid bilayer | Double layer where heads face water and tails face inward |
| Why phospholipids form bilayers | Hydrophilic heads interact with water, hydrophobic tails avoid water |
| Steroid | Lipid made of ring structures involved in signaling and membrane structure |
| Cholesterol function | Maintains membrane fluidity by preventing too rigid or too fluid structure |
| Plasma membrane | Flexible, selectively permeable boundary controlling movement in/out |
| Selective permeability | Allows some substances through but not others |
| Homeostasis | Maintaining stable internal conditions |
| Why cells need membranes | To regulate internal environment and exchange materials |
| Fluid mosaic model | Membrane is a dynamic mix of phospholipids and proteins |
| Why “fluid” | Phospholipids and proteins can move laterally |
| Why “mosaic” | Variety of proteins embedded in bilayer |
| Membrane proteins function | Transport, enzymes, receptors, identification |
| Channel protein | Allows specific molecules (like water) to pass through |
| Transport protein | Moves substances across membrane (active or passive) |
| Receptor protein | Binds signaling molecules and triggers response |
| Glycoprotein | Protein with carbohydrate chain used for cell recognition |
| Glycolipid | Lipid with carbohydrate chain used for identification |
| Why ID tags matter | Allows immune system to recognize self vs. foreign |
| Passive transport | Movement without energy (high → low concentration) |
| Active transport | Movement using ATP (low → high concentration) |
| Concentration gradient | Difference in concentration across space |
| Equilibrium | When concentrations are equal and movement stops |
| Diffusion | Movement from high to low concentration |
| Why O₂ and CO₂ diffuse easily | Small, nonpolar molecules pass through lipid bilayer |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across membrane |
| Aquaporins | Channel proteins that speed up water movement |
| Tonicity | Ability of solution to cause cell to gain or lose water |
| Isotonic | Equal solute; no net water movement |
| Hypotonic | Lower solute outside; water enters cell; cell swells |
| Hypertonic | Higher solute outside; water leaves cell; cell shrinks |
| Facilitated diffusion | Movement via protein channels (no energy) |
| Active transport | Uses ATP to move substances against gradient |
| Why active transport is needed | To maintain gradients essential for cell function |
| Exocytosis | Vesicles fuse with membrane to release materials |
| Endocytosis | Membrane engulfs material to bring it inside |
| Why is membrane fluidity important | Allows proteins to function and membrane to adapt |
| How does cholesterol stabilize membranes | Prevents extremes in fluidity under temperature changes |
| Why can’t ions cross membrane easily | Charged and repelled by hydrophobic interior |
| Predict cell behavior in hypotonic solution | Cell swells and may burst (lysis) |
| Compare diffusion vs facilitated diffusion | Both passive; facilitated requires proteins |
| Energy | Capacity to do work |
| Kinetic energy | Energy of motion |
| Potential energy | Stored energy |
| Chemical energy | Energy stored in bonds |
| Cellular respiration | Breaks down glucose using oxygen to make ATP |
| Where it occurs | Mitochondria |
| Why it’s important | Converts food energy into usable ATP |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate; energy currency of cell |
| ATP structure | Adenine |
| ribose | |
| 3 phosphate groups | |
| Where energy is stored in ATP | Bonds between phosphate groups |
| ADP | Adenosine diphosphate (2 phosphates) |
| ATP hydrolysis | ATP → ADP |
| energy (releases energy) | |
| Dehydration synthesis | ADP |
| P → ATP (stores energy) | |
| Phosphorylation | Adding phosphate to energize molecule |
| Why ATP is like battery | Stores and releases energy repeatedly |
| Enzyme | Protein that speeds up reactions |
| Metabolism | All chemical reactions in cell |
| Activation energy | Energy needed to start reaction |
| How enzymes work | Lower activation energy |
| Substrate | Reactant enzyme acts on |
| Active site | Region where substrate binds |
| Induced fit | Enzyme changes shape to fit substrate |
| Enzyme specificity | Only works with specific substrate |
| Enzyme reuse | Not consumed in reactions |
| Optimal conditions | Best temp and pH for activity |
| Denaturation | Loss of shape → loss of function |
| Competitive inhibitor | Competes for active site |
| Noncompetitive inhibitor | Changes enzyme shape |
| Why inhibitors matter | Regulate metabolism |
| Why does lowering activation energy matter | Speeds reactions needed for life |
| What happens if enzyme denatures | Reaction slows or stops |
| Compare ATP and ADP | Both nucleotides; ATP has more energy |
| Why are enzymes reusable | Not changed in reaction |
| Carbohydrates function | Quick energy, storage, structure |
| Monosaccharide | Single sugar (glucose) |
| Glycogen | Animal glucose storage |
| Starch | Plant glucose storage |
| Cellulose | Plant structure (fiber) |
| Cellular respiration equation | Glucose |
| H₂O | |
| ATP | |
| Aerobic | Requires oxygen, ~36 ATP |
| Anaerobic | No oxygen, 2–4 ATP |
| Matrix | Fluid where Krebs cycle occurs |
| Cristae | Folds increasing surface area for ETC |
| Oxidation | Loss of electrons |
| Reduction | Gain of electrons |
| Coenzyme | Electron carrier (NADH, FADH₂) |
| Glycolysis location | Cytoplasm |
| Glycolysis type | Anaerobic |
| Glycolysis output | 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, NADH |
| Why ATP invested | Activation energy |
| Purpose | Convert pyruvate to Acetyl |
| Outputs | CO₂ and NADH |
| Location | Mitochondrial matrix |
| Outputs | 2 ATP, CO₂, NADH, FADH₂ |
| Purpose | Load electron carriers |
| Location | Cristae |
| Function | Use electrons to create proton gradient |
| ATP synthase | Enzyme that makes ATP using H |
| flow | |
| Oxygen role | Final electron acceptor → Forms water |
| Output | ~32 ATP |
| Fermentation | ATP production without oxygen |
| Lactic acid fermentation | Produces lactic acid |
| Alcoholic fermentation | Produces ethanol |
| CO₂ | |
| Why is oxygen critical in ETC | Prevents backup of electrons |
| Why is ATP yield low in anaerobic | No ETC |
| Where is most ATP made | Electron transport chain |
| What happens to CO₂ | Released as waste |
| Photosynthesis | Converts light energy → chemical energy |
| Occurs in | Chloroplast |
| Equation | CO₂ |
| H₂O → glucose | |
| O₂ | |
| Thylakoid | Contains chlorophyll |
| Granum | Stack of thylakoids |
| Stroma | Fluid for Calvin cycle |
| Chlorophyll | Absorbs red/blue light, reflects green |
| Why plants are green | Reflection of green wavelengths |
| Location | Thylakoid membrane |
| Inputs | Light, H₂O |
| Outputs | ATP, NADPH, O₂ |
| What happens to water | Split → oxygen released |
| Location | Stroma |
| Inputs | CO₂, ATP, NADPH |
| Output | Glucose |
| Carbon fixation | CO₂ → organic molecule |
| Photosynthesis produces | Glucose |
| O₂ | |
| Respiration uses | Glucose |
| O₂ | |
| Why interdependent | Products of one = reactants of other |
| Why is photosynthesis essential | Provides energy base for ecosystems |
| Why animals depend on plants | Plants produce oxygen and food |
| What happens to energy in glucose | Stored chemical energy |
Created by:
olivialink