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Renal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three main functions of the kidneys? | Excrete waste, maintain homeostasis of body fluid volume and solute composition, and regulate blood pressure. |
| What is the Macula Densa? | A structure in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that monitors filtrate pressure in kidney tubules. |
| What happens when blood pressure is low according to the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | The adrenal cortex is signaled to synthesize aldosterone → more water is reabsorbed from the kidney back into the blood → blood pressure increases and normalizes. |
| What are the four steps of urine formation and flow? | Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, Excretion. |
| What is filtration? | Large particles (blood cells and albumin) remain in the circulatory system; only small particles go through and form the filtrate, which is pushed into Bowman's capsule. |
| What is reabsorption? | Glucose is completely reabsorbed; after passing through the components of the nephron, molecules and ions are pulled back into the blood from the kidney. |
| What is secretion in the context of urine formation? | Substances are removed and secreted from the blood through peritubular capillaries into the nephron. |
| What is excretion? | Urine physically leaves the body. |
| What is the glomerulus? | A capillary network that interacts with Bowman's capsule; blood enters via the afferent arteriole and exits via the efferent arteriole. |
| What is Bowman's Capsule? | A structure that surrounds the glomerulus; materials are forced out of blood and into the tubule. |
| What are podocytes? | Cells in Bowman's capsule that filter blood. |
| What is the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)? | A portion of the renal tubule between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle where most reabsorption occurs; contains lots of mitochondria. |
| What happens in the descending loop of Henle? | It is permeable only to water; water leaves the kidney tubules, which increases the solute concentration in the tube. |
| What happens in the ascending loop of Henle? | It is impermeable to water; NaCl gets removed, which decreases the solute concentration in the tube. |
| What is the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)? | A portion of the renal tubule where more reabsorption of ions and water occurs. |
| What is the collecting duct? | It collects remaining filtrate; hormones can act on it to affect secretion and reabsorption. |
| Trace the full summary path of filtrate from filtration to excretion. | Filtration in renal corpuscle → reabsorption/secretion in PCT → descending loop concentrates solutes → ascending loop dilutes filtrate → more reabsorption/secretion in DCT → collecting duct → renal calyces → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra. |
| What are the structural regions visible in a kidney cross-section? | Renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, calyces, renal artery, renal vein, and ureter. |
| What does aldosterone do? | Increases Na⁺ reabsorption from kidney tubules into the bloodstream → water follows Na⁺ out of the kidney and back into the blood → water retention in blood is increased. Less urine. |
| What does ADH (antidiuretic hormone) do? | Increases collecting duct permeability to water → water is reabsorbed out of the kidney tubule and back into the bloodstream → urine becomes more concentrated while blood pressure increases. Less urine. |
| What blocks ADH synthesis? | Alcohol and coffee block ADH synthesis, leading to more dilute urine flow. |
| How do aquatic animals handle nitrogenous waste? | They excrete NH₃ and NH₄ directly into the water. |
| How do mammals, sharks, and amphibians handle nitrogenous waste? | They convert NH₃ into urea for excretion. |
| How do birds, insects, and reptiles handle nitrogenous waste? | They secrete uric acid. |
| What is the osmotic challenge for marine fish and how do they cope? | Their body cells are hypotonic to the environment so water loss occurs; they constantly drink water to offset water loss and rarely urinate. |
| What is the osmotic challenge for freshwater fish and how do they cope? | Their body cells are hypertonic to the environment so water enters; they rarely drink water and constantly urinate to stop body fluid from being diluted. |
Created by:
smurtab