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genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid: a long molecule consisting of two strands twisted together to form a double helix |
| Structure of DNA (Ladders) | Alternating sugar and phosphate groups |
| structure of DNA ( rungs) | pairs of nitrogen bases |
| what's the role of a nucleotide? | It is responsible for forming DNA, storing and transmitting genetic information |
| what are the components of a nucleotide? | Phosphate groups, sugar (deoxyribose), and Nitrogen bases |
| 5 facts about mitosis | -results 2 identical diploid cells -1 division -purpose is growth and healing -creates somatic cells -a form of asexual reproduction. |
| 5 facts about meiosis | -creates gametes -2 divisions -creates sperm, eggs, pollen, seeds -creates 4 genetically unique haploid cells -purpose is sexual reproduction |
| label the cell cycles stages (5) | Cell, nucleus, chromosome, gene, DNA |
| label PMAT | Prophases, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| why is meiosis required? | because it produces haploid sex cells from diploid parent cells |
| Haploid (n) | Half set of chromosomes (23 in humans) |
| diploid (2n) | full set of chromosomes (46 in humans) |
| gene | A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein |
| genome | The complete set of genetic material in an organism |
| chromosome | A tightly coiled strand of DNMA found in the nucleus |
| locus | The specific location of a gene on a chromosome |
| allele | An alternative version of a gene |
| explain a genotypes and phenotype with an example | genotype is the actual alleles an organism carries ( Tt) whilst phenotypes are observable characteristics produced by the genotypes (Tall) |
| distinguish homozygous and heterozygous and relate it to phenotype | Homozygous are identical alleles, whilst heterozygous are 2 different alleles. in relation to phenotypes if their are is a dominant allele in the heterozygous that mean that its trait will be expressed upon the offspring (e.g Tt= tall) |
| explain how chromosomal changes lead to disorders | it disrupts the delicate balance of genes. When chromosomes fail to sperate during meiosis is cause extra or missing chromosomes which can be misinterpret or fail to produce the correct proteins needed for normal physical and cognitive development |
| analyses karyotypes and identify conditions | Karyotype is an organised image of all chromosomes in a cell, arranged in pairs by size typical human: 46 chromosomes : 23 pairs: pair 23=sex chromosomes (F: XX, M: XY) Down syndrome: extra copy of chromosome 21= 47 chromosomes |
| 6 similarities between mitosis and meiosis | -DNA replicates before the process begins -Begins with interphases -Includes the phases of PMAT -Sister chromatids separated -Chromosomes align the equator - cell division |
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