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A&P muscles & bones
| involuntary muscles | control body functions that aren't under our conscious control |
| voluntary muscles | control body functions that are under our conscious control |
| how many bones in the human body | 206 |
| three types of muscles | smooth, cardiac, skeletal |
| what muscles are involuntary | smooth and cardiac |
| what's another name for skeletal muscle | striated muscle |
| what systems are controlled by involuntary muscles | breathing, digestion, and the beating of the heart |
| why are the skeletal and cardiac muscles alike | they are both referred to as striated muscles |
| what is fascia | layers of fibrous connective tissue |
| who do tendons do | connect muscle to bone and acts as a shock absorber to protect muscles from injury |
| what's another name for smooth muscle | visceral |
| where are smooth muscles found | internal organs |
| what are 6 ways muscles are named | location, origin, size, action, fiber direction, number of attachment points |
| what's the meaning of origin | the less moveable of the two bones which is the starting point (shoulder region) |
| what's the meaning of insertion | the more moveable of the two bones which is the ends of the muscle (elbow region) |
| what muscle decrease the angle of a joint | flexor muscles |
| what is pronation | turn downward (hands down) |
| what is supination | turn upward (hands up) |
| what is inversion | turn inward (turn ankle inward) |
| what is eversion | turn outward (turn ankle outward) |
| what is elevation | raising of a body part (shoulders up) |
| what is depression | downward movement (shoulders down) |
| what is abduction | leading a limb away from midline of body |
| what is adduction | leading a limb towards the midline of body |
| what holds 2 bones together | ligaments |
| what is the term for bone formation | osteocytes |
| what 2 minerals are required for healthy bones | calcium and phosphorus |
| what is a long bone | longest bones in the body (femur & humerus); longer rather than wide |
| what is a short bone | shorter bones in the body (carpals and tarsals); wider rather than long |
| what is a flat bone | a thin often curved bone that is responsible for protecting organs (sternum, skull, pelvis) |
| what is an irregular bone | a bone with a unique shape (vertebrae) |
| what is the wide end of a long bone | epiphysis |
| what is the shaft of a long bone | diaphysis |
| what are the structures for the periosteum | blood supply, protective layer from surrounding tissues, sensory nerves, produces osteoblasts needed for healing |
| what is the cortical bone | dense and hard exterior surface bone |
| what is another name for cortical bone | compact bone |
| where can the cortical bone be found | in the shaft of long bones, flat bones, and end of long bones |
| where can red bone marrow be found after childhood | in the axial skeleton and in the end of long bones |
| what is the main component of medullary cavity | yellow bone marrow |
| where is the spongy bone found | inside of all bones, mostly in the epiphysis and in long bones & flat bones |
| what are cranial bones | bones of the skull frontal lobe (forehead) parietal (upper sides and roof) occipital (back and base) temporal (sides and base) sphenoid (base and sides of eye orbit) ethmoid (part of eye orbit and floor) |
| what is the function of the intervertabral disk | creates cushion in between each vertebrae |
| how many true ribs are there | 7 true ribs |
| what is a floating rib | ribs that do not connect directly to the sternum |
| what are the bones of the arm | humerus, ulna, radius |
| what are the bones of the leg | femur, patella, tibia, fibula |
| what are the bones of the shoulder | scapula, clavicle, humerus |
| what bones are connected to the collar bone | sternum and shoulder |
| what are the bones of the sternum | manubrium, body, and xiphoid process |
| what are the bones | cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx |
| whats another name for a joint | articulation |
| what are 3 different types of joints & examples | synovial (shoulder/hip); ball and socket cartilaginous (pelvis) fibrous (skull suture) |
| what type of joint is symphysis | cartilaginous (limited movement) |
| what type of joint is fibrous | suture joint (no movement) |
| what joints are highly moveable | synovial joints (most moveable) |
| what is the purpose of synovial fluid | lubricates the cartilage in joints for easier movement |
| what is the function of cartilage | prevents bone rubbing against bone and acts as a shock absorber |
| what are the crescent shaped cartilaginous pads known as | menisci |
| what is the purpose of menisci | creates extra padding and shock absorption for heavily used joints |
| where can you find menisci | jaws and knees |
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