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Biology: Inheritance

simple and complex inheritance, gene mutations, and biotechnology

TermDefinition
Allele Different forms of the same gene found at the same locus on a chromosome.
Genotype The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by its alleles.
Phenotype Observable physical or biochemical characteristics determined by genotype and environment.
Homozygous Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.
Heterozygous Having two different alleles for a particular gene.
Dominant allele An allele that masks the effect of another allele when present.
Recessive allele An allele expressed only when two copies are present.
Monohybrid cross A genetic cross involving one pair of contrasting traits.
Dihybrid cross A genetic cross involving two pairs of contrasting traits.
Law of segregation Alleles separate during gamete formation so each gamete carries one allele.
Law of independent assortment Genes for different traits assort independently during gamete formation.
Polygenic inheritance Traits controlled by multiple genes, often showing continuous variation.
Multiple alleles More than two allele options exist for a gene in a population.
Codominance Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype.
Incomplete dominance Heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between homozygous phenotypes.
Point mutation A change in a single nucleotide in DNA sequence.
Substitution mutation One nucleotide is replaced by another.
Insertion mutation Addition of one or more nucleotides into DNA sequence.
Deletion mutation Removal of one or more nucleotides from DNA sequence.
Frameshift mutation Mutation that shifts the reading frame of codons in mRNA.
Silent mutation A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence.
Missense mutation A mutation that results in a different amino acid.
Nonsense mutation A mutation that creates a stop codon prematurely.
Mutation A permanent change in the DNA sequence.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, the carrier of genetic information.
Gene Segment of DNA that codes for a protein or functional RNA.
CRISPR A genome editing technology that allows precise modification of DNA.
Genetic engineering Direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology.
Recombinant DNA DNA formed by combining genetic material from different sources.
PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction, a method to amplify DNA.
Gel electrophoresis Technique used to separate DNA fragments by size.
Gene cloning Producing identical copies of a gene or DNA sequence.
Plasmid Small circular DNA molecule used as a vector in genetic engineering.
Transgenic organism An organism that contains DNA from another species.
Created by: ecupitt
 

 



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