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all chem
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Dalton's atomic theory state? | Elements are made of atoms and compounds form from combinations of atoms |
| What did Rutherford's gold foil experiment prove? | Atoms are mostly empty space with a small dense positive nucleus |
| What does the modern wave-mechanical model describe? | Electrons moving in an electron cloud around the nucleus |
| Where are protons located? | In the nucleus |
| Where are neutrons located? | In the nucleus |
| Where are electrons located? | In the electron cloud |
| What charge does a proton have? | +1 |
| What charge does a neutron have? | 0 |
| What charge does an electron have? | -1 |
| What is the mass of a proton? | 1 amu |
| What is the mass of a neutron? | 1 amu |
| What is the mass of an electron? | Approximately 0 amu |
| What is atomic number? | The number of protons in an atom |
| What is mass number? | The total number of protons and neutrons |
| How do you calculate neutrons? | Mass number minus atomic number |
| What are valence electrons? | The outermost electrons of an atom |
| Why do atoms form bonds? | To achieve a full valence shell |
| How many valence electrons make most atoms stable? | 8 |
| How many valence electrons make hydrogen and helium stable? | 2 |
| What is the ground state? | Lowest energy arrangement of electrons |
| What is the excited state? | When electrons absorb energy and move to higher energy levels |
| What happens when an excited electron falls to a lower energy level? | Energy is released as light |
| What is a bright-line spectrum? | The unique pattern of light emitted by an element |
| What is an isotope? | Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons |
| What is the average atomic mass? | The weighted average of naturally occurring isotopes |
| What is half-life? | The time required for half of a radioactive sample to decay |
| Can half-life be changed? | No |
| What is transmutation? | The conversion of one element into another |
| What is nuclear fission? | The splitting of a heavy nucleus |
| What is nuclear fusion? | The combining of light nuclei into a heavier nucleus |
| Which nuclear process powers the Sun? | Fusion |
| What equation relates matter and energy? | E = mc² |
| Why is energy released in nuclear reactions? | A small amount of mass is converted to energy |
| What is an ionic bond? | A bond formed by electron transfer |
| What is a covalent bond? | A bond formed by sharing electrons |
| What is a metallic bond? | A bond involving a sea of mobile electrons |
| What type of elements form ionic compounds? | Metals and nonmetals |
| What type of elements form covalent compounds? | Nonmetals and nonmetals |
| What are the properties of ionic compounds? | High melting points, conduct electricity when molten or dissolved, often dissolve in water |
| What are the properties of covalent compounds? | Lower melting points and poor electrical conductivity |
| What determines molecular polarity? | Shape and charge distribution |
| What type of molecule is usually polar? | Asymmetrical molecules with polar bonds |
| What type of molecule is usually nonpolar? | Symmetrical molecules or molecules with nonpolar bonds |
| What happens when an atom gains electrons? | It becomes a negative ion and increases in size |
| What happens when an atom loses electrons? | It becomes a positive ion and decreases in size |
| What is electronegativity? | An atom's attraction for shared electrons |
| What electronegativity difference indicates a nonpolar covalent bond? | 0.0 to 0.4 |
| What electronegativity difference indicates a polar covalent bond? | 0.4 to 1.7 |
| What electronegativity difference indicates an ionic bond? | Greater than 1.7 |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | A strong intermolecular force involving H bonded to N, O, or F |
| What is a pure substance? | Matter with fixed composition and uniform properties |
| What is a mixture? | Two or more substances physically combined |
| What is a homogeneous mixture? | A mixture with uniform composition throughout |
| What is a heterogeneous mixture? | A mixture with nonuniform composition |
| What is a physical change? | A change that does not form a new substance |
| What is a chemical change? | A change that forms a new substance |
| What are the three phases of matter? | Solid, liquid, and gas |
| What are the properties of a solid? | Definite shape and definite volume |
| What are the properties of a liquid? | Definite volume but variable shape |
| What are the properties of a gas? | No definite shape or volume |
| What happens to temperature during a phase change? | It remains constant |
| What changes during a phase change? | Potential energy |
| What is heat of fusion? | Energy required to melt 1 gram of a substance |
| What is heat of vaporization? | Energy required to vaporize 1 gram of a substance |
| What is specific heat? | Energy needed to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1°C |
| How are pressure and volume related? | Inversely related |
| How are temperature and volume related? | Directly related |
| How are temperature and pressure related? | Directly related |
| According to KMT, how are gas particles moving? | In constant random motion |
| According to KMT, do ideal gas particles attract each other? | No |
| What does Avogadro's hypothesis state? | Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of particles |
| What is potential energy? | Stored energy |
| What is kinetic energy? | Energy of motion |
| What is the law of conservation of energy? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| What is temperature? | A measure of average kinetic energy |
| What is an exothermic process? | A process that releases heat |
| What is an endothermic process? | A process that absorbs heat |
| How are elements arranged on the periodic table? | By increasing atomic number |
| What identifies an element? | Its atomic number |
| What do elements in the same group have in common? | Similar valence electrons and chemical properties |
| What do elements in the same period have in common? | The same number of occupied energy levels |
| What are Group 1 elements called? | Alkali metals |
| What are Group 2 elements called? | Alkaline earth metals |
| What are Group 17 elements called? | Halogens |
| What are Group 18 elements called? | Noble gases |
| What happens to atomic radius down a group? | It increases |
| What happens to electronegativity down a group? | It decreases |
| What happens to ionization energy down a group? | It decreases |
| What happens to atomic radius across a period? | It decreases |
| What happens to electronegativity across a period? | It increases |
| What happens to ionization energy across a period? | It increases |
| What is an empirical formula? | The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms |
| What is a molecular formula? | The actual number of atoms of each element |
| What is a structural formula? | A formula showing atom arrangement |
| What must be conserved in chemical reactions? | Mass, energy, and charge |
| Why must equations be balanced? | To conserve atoms |
| What do coefficients represent in a balanced equation? | Mole ratios |
| What is molar mass? | The mass of one mole of a substance |
| What is a solution? | A homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent |
| What is a solute? | The substance being dissolved |
| What is a solvent? | The substance doing the dissolving |
| What does 'like dissolves like' mean? | Polar dissolves polar and nonpolar dissolves nonpolar |
| What affects solubility? | Temperature, pressure, and nature of substances |
| What happens to boiling point when a solute is added? | It increases |
| What happens to freezing point when a solute is added? | It decreases |
| What is a saturated solution? | A solution holding the maximum amount of dissolved solute |
| What exists at equilibrium in a saturated solution? | Equal rates of dissolving and crystallization |
| What does collision theory state? | Particles must collide with proper energy and orientation to react |
| What factors affect reaction rate? | Temperature, concentration, surface area, reactant type, and catalysts |
| What is equilibrium? | A state where forward and reverse reaction rates are equal |
| At equilibrium, what happens to concentrations? | They remain constant |
| What does Le Chatelier's principle predict? | How equilibrium responds to stress |
| What is heat of reaction? | PE of products minus PE of reactants |
| What does a positive heat of reaction indicate? | An endothermic reaction |
| What does a negative heat of reaction indicate? | An exothermic reaction |
| What is activation energy? | The minimum energy needed for a reaction |
| How does a catalyst affect activation energy? | It lowers it |
| Does a catalyst shift equilibrium? | No |
| What is entropy? | A measure of disorder |
| What type of system has greater entropy? | A more disordered system |
| What changes are generally favored in nature? | Lower energy and higher entropy |
| What is an electrolyte? | A substance that forms ions in water and conducts electricity |
| What is an Arrhenius acid? | A substance that produces H+ ions in water |
| What is an Arrhenius base? | A substance that produces OH- ions in water |
| What are the products of neutralization? | Salt and water |
| What is the net ionic equation for neutralization? | H+ + OH- → H2O |
| What is titration? | Using a known concentration to determine an unknown concentration |
| What is pH? | A measure of acidity or basicity |
| What does a low pH indicate? | High H+ concentration |
| What does a high pH indicate? | Low H+ concentration |
| What is the pH of a neutral solution? | 7 |
| How much does H+ concentration change with each pH unit? | A factor of 10 |
| What is oxidation? | Loss of electrons |
| What is reduction? | Gain of electrons |
| What mnemonic helps remember redox? | LEO GER |
| What happens to oxidation number during oxidation? | It increases |
| What happens to oxidation number during reduction? | It decreases |
| How do you identify a redox reaction? | Oxidation numbers change |
| Are double replacement reactions redox reactions? | No |
| Where does oxidation occur in an electrochemical cell? | At the anode |
| Where does reduction occur in an electrochemical cell? | At the cathode |
| What is a voltaic cell? | A spontaneous cell converting chemical energy to electrical energy |
| What is an electrolytic cell? | A nonspontaneous cell requiring electrical energy |
| What are hydrocarbons? | Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen |
| What is a saturated hydrocarbon? | A hydrocarbon with only single bonds |
| What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon? | A hydrocarbon with at least one double or triple bond |
| What are isomers? | Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures |
| What gives organic compounds their unique properties? | Functional groups |
Created by:
markoii