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History Finals
Vocabs
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Dust Bowl | severe environmental and agricultural disaster, Severe drought and soil erosion .1930s Devastated Great Plains of the United States and Canada. Cause: natural climate conditions and human agricultural practices |
| Hooverville | Hoovervilles shanty towns and slums built during the Great Depression by the homeless in the United States., named after Herbert Hoover, president of the United States during the onset of the Depression & blamed for it. |
| Smoot-Hawley Tariff | 1930 law raising tariffs on 20,000 goods; deepened global economic crisis. |
| Bust Cycle | Economic downturn following rapid growth; marked by unemployment and reduced spending. |
| Causes of Great Depression | Stock market crash (1929), bank failures, overproduction, unequal wealth distribution. |
| New Deal | FDR’s programs (1933–1939) for relief, recovery, and reform; expanded federal government’s role. |
| Social Security: | 1935 law providing pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid to disabled. |
| FDR: | Franklin D. Roosevelt; led U.S. through Depression and WWII; created New Deal. |
| Relief, Recovery, Reform Examples | CCC (jobs), WPA (infrastructure), FDIC (bank insurance), SEC (stock regulation). |
| U.S.–Japanese Relations | Strained by Japan’s expansion; U.S. imposed oil embargo (1941). |
| Neutrality Acts | 1930s laws to keep U.S. out of foreign wars; limited arms sales. |
| Pearl Harbor | Japanese attack on Dec 7 1941; led U.S. to enter WWII. |
| Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, Japan alliance |
| Allied Powers | U.S., Britain, Soviet Union, France, China. |
| D‑Day: | June 6 1944 Allied invasion of Normandy; began liberation of Western Europe. |
| General Eisenhower: | Supreme Allied Commander; led D‑Day and European campaign. |
| Operation Bodyguard/Fortitude | : Allied deception plan to mislead Germany about invasion site. |
| Adolf Hitler: | Nazi dictator of Germany; initiated WWII and Holocaust. |
| Red Army: | Soviet military; held Germans on Eastern Front; key to Allied victory. |
| Brown v. Board of Education: | 1954 Supreme Court case ending school segregation. |
| March in Birmingham: | 1963 protest against segregation; police brutality drew national attention. |
| March in Selma: | 1965 march for voting rights; led to Voting Rights Act. |
| March on Washington: | 1963 rally for jobs and freedom; MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech. |
| Emmett Till: | 1955 murder of Black teen; galvanized Civil Rights Movement. |
| SNCC: | Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; youth‑led sit‑ins and voter drives. |
| SCLC: | Southern Christian Leadership Conference; MLK’s group promoting nonviolent protest. |
| CORE: | Congress of Racial Equality; organized Freedom Rides and desegregation campaigns. |
| John Lewis: | SNCC leader; key figure in Selma marches; later U.S. congressman. |
| MLK Jr | .: Leader of nonviolent movement; inspired civil rights legislation. |
| Stokely Carmichael: | SNCC leader; coined “Black Power.” |
| Black Power: | Movement for racial pride, self‑determination, and equality. |
| Black Panthers | : 1966 group promoting self‑defense and community programs |
| Civil Rights Act 1964: | Outlawed segregation and discrimination. |
| Segregation: | Separation of races in public life; challenged by civil rights laws. |
| Voting Rights Act 1965: | Protected minority voting rights. |
| De jure Change | : Legal change through laws or court rulings. |
| De facto Change: | Social change through practice and public attitudes. |
| Nonviolent Protest Methods: | Sit‑ins, boycotts, marches, civil disobedience. |
| Self‑Defense: | Advocated by groups like Black Panthers against police brutality. |
| COINTELPRO: | FBI program targeting civil rights and activist groups. |
| Governor George Wallace | : Alabama segregationist; opposed integration. |
| Civil Disobedience | : Peaceful refusal to obey unjust laws. |
| JFK: | Supported civil rights; assassinated 1963. |
| LBJ ( Lyndon Baines Johnson, known as LBJ, was an American politician and the 36th president of the United States (1963–1969). | Passed Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts; launched Great Society. |
| Cold War: | Ideological conflict (1947–1991) between U.S. capitalism and Soviet communism. |
| Geneva Accords: | 1954 agreement dividing Vietnam at 17th parallel. |
| Vietnam War | : U.S. conflict (1955–1975) to stop communist expansion. |
| Communism | : System of collective ownership; state controls economy. |
| Capitalism: | Private ownership; market‑driven economy. |
| Viet Cong: | Communist guerrillas in South Vietnam. |
| North Vietnamese Army: | Regular communist forces fighting U.S. and South Vietnam. |
| Guerrilla Warfare | Small‑group tactics, ambushes, and mobility. |
| Goals of Vietnam War | :Contain communism; support South Vietnam’s independence. |
| Ngo Dinh Diem: | Anti‑communist leader of South Vietnam; supported by U.S. |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: | 1964 law giving LBJ broad war powers. |
| Domino Theory | : Belief one nation’s fall to communism would spread regionally. |
| Anti‑War Movement: | Protests against Vietnam War; led by students and activists |
| Robert McNamara: | Defense Secretary; key architect of Vietnam policy. |
| The Great Society: | LBJ’s domestic programs for poverty and education |
| War Powers Act: | 1973 law limiting presidential military authority. |
| Agent Orange: | Toxic herbicide used in Vietnam; caused health and environmental damage. |
| Draft: | Mandatory military service; controversial during Vietnam War. |
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kidsanmarcos