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Stack #4689544
Study guide philosophical concepts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What three specific components must be present for a claim to count as knowledge under the traditional Platonic definition? | The claim must be a Justified True Belief (JTB)—meaning you must believe it, it must be objectively true, and you must have valid evidence to support it. |
| Why is "belief" alone not enough to count as knowledge in philosophy? | Because you can completely believe something that is totally factually incorrect; knowledge requires the belief to align with objective reality. |
| Why is a "true belief" alone not enough to count as knowledge? | Because you could make a lucky guess or have a superstition that happens to be right by pure chance, which does not mean you actually understand it. |
| What is the main objective of the "Gettier Problem"? | To prove that the traditional Justified True Belief definition is incomplete because a person can satisfy all three conditions by pure luck or accident. |
| What is meant by the term "Epistemic Luck"? | It is when a person's justification for a belief is completely disconnected from the actual truth of the situation, making their correct belief a mere coincidence. |
| In a classic Gettier case, if you look at a broken clock that happens to display the correct time by chance, why is it not considered knowledge? | It is not knowledge because your justification relies on a broken instrument, meaning you only arrived at the truth through luck. |
| What does the "No False Belief" (No False Lemmas) condition require? | It requires that the logical steps and premises you use to build your justification do not contain a single false assumption. |
| What is an "Epistemic Defeater"? | It is a hidden, true fact that, if it were to be revealed, would completely shatter or invalidate the justification you have for your belief. |
| How does the "No Defeater" theory attempt to preserve the definition of knowledge? | It states that a Justified True Belief is only knowledge if there are absolutely no outstanding truths that could potentially overturn your current evidence. |
| What is the primary source of all human knowledge according to Rationalism? | Intellectual reason and logic, independent of the physical senses. |
| What is an "Innate Idea"? | A concept, truth, or structure that rationalists believe humans are born already possessing inside their minds. |
| What is the primary source of all human knowledge according to Empiricism? | Sensory experience—what we can see, hear, touch, taste, and measure in the physical world. |
| What does the empiricist term "Tabula Rasa" mean regarding the human mind? | "Blank Slate," representing the idea that we are born with zero knowledge and our experiences write everything onto our minds. |
| What defines A Priori knowledge? | It is knowledge that is known completely independent of experience, validated purely through conceptual thought (e.g., $3 + 3 = 6$). |
| What defines A Posteriori knowledge? | It is knowledge that can only be established and verified by checking, observing, or testing the physical world (e.g., "The grass is wet"). |
| What is the core focus of Normative Ethics? | It focuses on establishing practical rules for behavior to determine which actions are right or wrong. |
| What is the core focus of Metaethics? | It investigates the origin, nature, and meaning of moral concepts themselves, asking if objective moral facts even exist. |
| It investigates the origin, nature, and meaning of moral concepts themselves, asking if objective moral facts even exist. | To choose the action that produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. |
| Why is Utilitarianism known as a Consequentialist framework? | Because it dictates that the morality of any action is judged strictly by its final outcomes and results, not by intent. |
| What is the core moral rule of Deontology (Kantian Ethics)? | To act strictly out of duty to universal moral rules, meaning certain actions are always wrong regardless of the consequences. |
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