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Ch 9 Study Guide
Preexamination or Preanalytical Considerations
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Preexamination or preanalytical | before analysis |
| Analyte | term used for the substance undergoing analysis |
| Reference range or reference interval | a range of values with highs and lows established for different populations, or compared to an individual's previous results |
| Basal state | resting metabolic state of the body early in the morning following sleep and fasting |
| Turbid | specimen appearing cloudy |
| Lipemic | referring to the evidence of fats in a specimen |
| Diurnal | Daily fluctuation |
| Circadian | Cyclic variation (24-hour cycle) |
| Jaundice/icteric | Marked by a deep yellow appearance |
| Sclerosed/sclerotic | Hardened |
| Edema | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues |
| Hematoma | Mass of blood caused by blood leaking into the tissue at a venipuncture site |
| Lymphostasis | obstruction or stoppage of lymph flow |
| VAD: Vascular access device | tubing or devices allowing entry to veins of arteries for ease of access |
| IV/intravenous | within a vein |
| AV fistula | permanent surgical connection of an artery and a vein for the purpose of dialysis |
| CVAD/central vascular access device | a tube inserted into a main vein or artery |
| PICC/peripherally inserted central catheter | a line inserted in periphery vein and threaded into the central vascular system |
| Syncope | medical term for fainting |
| Vasovagal syncope | fainting related to pain, stress or trauma |
| Petechiae | tiny non raised dots that appear at the surface of the skin upon tourniquet application |
| Iatrogenic | a term used to describe adverse conditions brought on as result of treatment |
| Exsanguination | blood loss to the point where life cannot be sustained |
| Preanalytical or preexamination phase | begins when the test is ordered and ends when specimen testing begins |
| Basal state can only be measured on | an inpatient population |
| Age, altitude, basal state, dehydration, diet, diurnal or circadian variations, drug therapy, exercise, fever, sex, position, pregnancy, and smoking can all lead to | physiological changes that affect the blood components and tests |
| WBCs can be temporarily elevated by | stress |
| Drugs known to interfere with testing should be stopped ____ hours prior to blood testing and ____ before urine testing | 4-24/48-72 |
| Signs of inadvertent arterial puncture | 1. blood will spurt into tube 2. blood will appear to be bright red in color 3. a hematoma will appear and spread rapidly |
| Hemoconcentration can occur if | tourniquet is left on for too long, patient is dehydrated |
| Hemolysis results when | RBCs are broken, do not shake specimens, do not use a needle that is too small for the vein |
| Vein collapse occurs when | the blood is taken too quickly, tie tourniquet 3-4 inches above VP site, do not use large volume tubes on small veins |
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