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Social studies FCs
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1st amendment | Protects freedoms of religion, speech, the press, assembly, and the right to petition the government |
| 2nd amendment | Guarantees the right of the people to keep and bear arms |
| 3rd amendment | Prevents the government from forcing citizens to house (quarter) soldiers in their private homes during peacetime |
| 4th amendment | Protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures and requires warrants based on probable cause |
| 5th amendment | Guarantees due process and the right to a grand jury, protects against double jeopardy (being tried twice for the same crime), and protects against self-incrimination |
| 6th amendment | Guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to legal counsel in criminal cases |
| 7th amendment | Guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil (non-criminal) lawsuits |
| 8th amendment | Prohibits excessive bail or fines and the use of cruel and unusual punishment |
| 9th amendment | Clarifies that the listing of certain rights in the Constitution does not mean that people do not have other unlisted rights |
| 10th amendment | Establishes that any powers not specifically given to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people |
| 11th amendment | Limits the ability of individuals to sue states in federal courts. |
| 12th amendment | Modifies the procedure for electing the President and Vice President, ensuring they are voted for on separate ballots. |
| 13th amendment | Officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States. |
| 14th amendment | Defines citizenship, provides equal protection under the law, and ensures due process. |
| 15h amendent | Prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race. |
| 16th amendment | Grants Congress the power to collect an income tax. |
| 17th amendment | Establishes the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote. |
| 18th amendment | Established the prohibition of alcohol, making the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors illegal. |
| 19th amendment | Granted women the right to vote. |
| 20th amendment | Sets the dates for the beginning and ending of presidential (Jan. 20) and congressional (Jan. 3) terms. |
| 21st amendment | Repealed the 18th Amendment, effectively ending Prohibition. |
| 22nd amendment | Limits the President to serving two elected terms in office. |
| 23rd amendment | Grants residents of Washington, D.C., the right to vote for presidential electors. |
| 24th amendment | Prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on the payment of a poll tax or other tax. |
| 25th amendment | Establishes a clear line of presidential succession and outlines procedures for handling presidential disability. |
| 26th amendment | Lowers the voting age to 18. |
| 27th amendment | Delays laws affecting Congressional salaries from taking effect until after the next election |
| Magna Carta | a foundational medieval document. It established the radical principle that everyone, including the monarch, is subject to the law. Heavily influenced constitution, bill of rights, and decleration of independence. |
| Articles of Confederation | the first written constitution of the United States, serving as the nation's frame of government from 1781 to 1789 |
| Decleration of Independance | The Declaration of Independence is the foundational document of the United States. Adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, it officially severed the 13 American colonies' political ties to Great Britain |
| Bill of Rights | The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution |
| Seperation of powers/Checks and balances | a system of shared power and oversight among different branches or groups within an organization. Its primary purpose is to ensure that no single individual, department, or branch gains absolute control |
| Legeslative checks Executive | Can override presidential vetoes with a 2/3 vote, approves or rejects presidential appointments and treaties, controls the budget (power of the purse), and can impeach and remove the president |
| Legeslative checks Judicial | Can impeach and remove federal judges, determines the jurisdiction of federal courts, and can pass new legislation or propose constitutional amendments to overturn court decisions |
| Executive checks Legeslative | Can veto bills passed by Congress and can call special sessions of Congress. |
| Executive checks Judicial | Nominates all federal judges and Supreme Court Justices, and has the power to pardon individuals convicted of federal crimes |
| Judicial checks Legeslative | Exercises judicial review to declare acts or laws passed by Congress unconstitutional. |
| Judicial checks Executive | Can declare executive orders and administrative actions unconstitutional or unlawful, and Supreme Court Justices serve lifetime appointments so they are insulated from political pressure |
| Federalism | a system of government where power is divided between a central national authority and individual state or regional governments |
| Electoral college | The Electoral College is the official system used in the United States to indirectly elect the president and vice president |
| 10% Plan | For reintegrating the Confederate states back into the Union during the Civil War. It offered full pardons to Southerners who swore allegiance to the U.S. and permitted states to form new governments once 10% of their 1860 voters took the oath |
| Radical Republicans | They were defined by their fierce opposition to slavery, their push for equal civil rights for Black Americans, and their aggressive stance on punishing the South after the Civil War |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | Its primary purpose was to help millions of formerly enslaved people and impoverished white Southerners navigate the transition to freedom and rebuild the war-torn South |
| Sharecropping | an agricultural system where a landowner allows a tenant to use their land in exchange for a portion of the crops produced |
| Poll Tax | a fixed, uniform tax levied on every individual adult, regardless of their income or assets |
| Literacy Test | an examination that assesses a person's ability to read and write, determining their right to vote. |
| Grandfather Clause | a legal or contractual provision that exempts individuals, businesses, or properties from new regulations. It ensures that pre-existing conditions or practices can legally continue. IF HE CAN VOTE THEN SO CAN YOU |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson | a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine |
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