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8th Grade Finals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Trust | A group of companies/industries that work together, often to reduce competition and prices. |
| Poll tax | A tax to cast a vote. Used in the South to prevent African Americans from voting. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of racial segregation "separate but equal" |
| Literacy tests | Reading/writing tests used in the south to prevent African Americans from voting. |
| Jim Crow | laws in the South that mandated racial segregation in public facilities |
| Black Codes | Laws in the South after Civil War to restrict the rights/freedoms of African Americans |
| Rosa Parks | 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, helped end segregation on public buses |
| Manifest Destiny | The belief that westward expansion in America was our given right |
| Homestead Act | government program where citizens could pay a small fee and claim land in the West. |
| Segregation | separation based on race within communities |
| Scalawags | white Southerners who supported Reconstruction and Radical Republicans. |
| Radical Republicans | immediate emancipation and equal rights of African Americans. (13th,14th & 15th) |
| MLK | Baptist minister & Non-violent Civil Rights leader, March on Washington “I Have A Dream” 1963 |
| The Brown v. Board of Education | decision by the Supreme Court in 1954 declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson. |
| Malcolm X | Civil rights leader, Black empowerment and self-defense. |
| Transcontinental Railroad | A contiguous railroad line connecting east to west, constructed 1863-1869. |
| Civil Disobedience | refusal to comply, a peaceful form of political protest. (Marches, protests, boycotts, sit-ins) |
| Reservation | An area of land set aside for Native Americans. |
| Assimilation | immigrants try blend in by adopting language, customs & values of their new homes |
| Robber Barons | 1800’s businessmen who used controversial tactics to gain great wealth and power. |
| Muckraker | Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices. |
| Monopoly | The exclusive possession or control of an industry or service. (no competition) |
| Mass production | Making large amounts of product, especially on assembly lines. (prices drop) |
| Labor Union | organized group of workers, often in a particular trade, formed to protect rights/interests. |
| Tenements | A multi-family city housing, overcrowded and unsanitary conditions. |
| Andrew Carnegie | steel company donated to libraries, schools |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | women's suffrage, worked for right to vote,organized Seneca Falls |
| Jacob Riis | journalist/photographer exposed poor conditions in tenements “How the other half lived” |
| Theodore Roosevelt | 1900 President “Trust Buster” limited big business created National Parks |
| JP Morgan | banker who owned railroads and bought US Steel, helped stabilize US economy |
| J.D. Rockefeller | Standard oil, richest man in America, monopoly, later gave $ to education/research |
| Monroe Doctrine | 1823. It stated that Europe can no longer gain any colonies in the western hemisphere. |
| Roosevelt Corollary | stated the U.S. would intervene in conflicts between Europe & Latin American countries |
| Panama Canal | connects the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean, facilitating global trade & military movements. |
| Draft | The US government established a lottery to build up its military population |
| Zimmerman Telegram | Germany sent message to Mexico asking to attack the US (U.S. declares war) |
| Unrestricted submarine warfare | A type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels without warning. |
| Neutrality | The US wanted to stay out of the war and remained neutral until 1916. |
| Lusitania | British cruise ship sunk by a German U-boat 1915, turned public opinion in U.S. against Germany |
| Consumerism | buying of goods/services during 1920’s where people tended to overbuy and go into debt |
| Stock market | A system where shares of publicly traded companies are bought and sold. |
| Speakeasy | An illegal nightclub during the Prohibition era. |
| Prohibition | Law banning the manufacture and sale of alcohol between 1920 and 1933. |
| Laissez-faire economics | An economic system in which business is free from government intervention. |
| Jazz | A type of music of Black American origin characterized by improvisation and forceful rhythm. |
| Flapper | A fashionable young woman intent on flouting conventional standards of behavior in the 1920s. |
| Crash of ‘29 | The collapse of the stock market in October 1929 (start of the Great Depression). |
| Credit | customers obtain goods before payment, based on trust that payment will be made in the future. |
| Deficit Spending | New Deal programs cost millions of dollars to create and put the government into debt. |
| Social Security | A program that assists senior citizens to help with retirement |
| New Deal | public work projects, financial reforms & regulations by FDR during the Great Depression (3R’s) |
| Hoovervilles | Shantytowns built by the homeless named after President Herbert Hoover, whom they blamed |
| Dust Bowl | During the 30's, severe dust storms greatly damaged the farmland of the American prairies |
| D-Day | June 6, 1944, Allied forces invaded France (Normandy) liberating Europe from Nazi Germany. |
| Manhattan Project | A top-secret research/development during WWII that produced the 1st nuclear weapon |
| Japanese Internment | forced relocation/incarceration in camps, over 100,000 Japanese who lived on coast |
| Pearl Harbor | Surprise strike by Japan at U.S. naval base (Hawaii) December 7, 1941. U.S. enter into WW II. |
| Adolf Hitler | German dictator 1933 - 1945, Leader of Nazi Party. Started WW II by invading Poland in 1939. Responsible for the Holocaust, systematic murder of six million Jews and millions of other victims. |
| Dwight Eisenhower | Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during W W II. Planned/led the Allied invasion of Normandy on D-Day in 1944. lead the Allies to victory in Europe. Became President of the United States (1953–1961) and maintained peace during the Cold War. |
| Harry Truman | President after FDR death, used atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Helped guide the U.S. through World War II. Supported the creation of the United Nations. |
| FDR | President from 1933 to 1945. Led the country through the Great Depression and most of World War II. Created the New Deal programs to help Americans during the Depression. Helped build the Allied partnership against the Axis Powers. |
| Winston Churchill | Prime Minister of Britain during WW II.inspiring speeches that encouraged the British |
| Capitalism | An economic system where a country's trade/industry is controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. (free market) |
| Containment | US wanted to prevent the spread of communism and supported allies in Europe and Pacific |
| Communism | A political theory where all property is publicly owned and each person works/paid equally |
Created by:
PRO Teacher
Kirsch