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History
Weimar and Nazi Germany
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Give 3 impacts of the first world war on Germany. (Troops, debts, food) | 2 million German troops died and over 4 million wounded, Gov debts increased from 50 billion marks to 150 billion marks, more than 750K Germans died from food shortages |
| How did the Kaiser abdicate? (4) | Ministers tried to persuade him, he refused, army officers refused to support him, he had no choice and fled to holland |
| Who became the first German president and what did he do? | Friedrich Ebert, declared Germany a republic |
| What happened in 1918 when Germany was declared a republic? (2) | Ebert suspended old Reichstag and Berlin streets were crowded even some armed hoping to take over parts of the city |
| What was the armistice? | Peace agreement signed 11th Nov, first major decision of Ebert's republic. |
| Give 3 features of the Weimar constitution. . | President elected every 7 years, Chancellor was head of gov in Weimar Republic, Reichstag more powerful out of the 2 parliament houses |
| Give 3 strengths of the Weimar constitution. | Women could vote, voting age reduced to 21, no one group or person could have too much power |
| Give 2 weaknesses of the Weimar constitution. | Article 48 due to lack of strong gov, wasn't popular because it wasn't the choice of the people |
| Who were the November Criminals? | The leaders of the new German republic who signed the treaty of versailles, they surrendered in Nov 1918 and were viewed as traitors |
| Give 3 key terms of the treaty of versailles | Army limited to 100000, £6.6 billion in reparations, no air force allowed and all planes destroyed |
| How much European territory did Germany lose? | 13% |
| What was the stab in the back theory? | The theory the army had never been defeated, they had been betrayed by politicians and forced to surrender |
| Who were the spartacists? | Left-wing, based in Berlin |
| Who were the Freikorps? | Right-wing, made up of ex-soldiers |
| What was the Spartacist revolt? And when? | Jan 1919, spartacists took over gov's newspaper and telegraph bureau and tried to organise a general strike in Berlin |
| How was the Spartacist revolt shut down? | Weimar gov sent freikorps units to put down revolt |
| What was the Kapp Putsch and when? | Mar 1920, Freikorps fearing unemployment sent their troops to march in Berlin, Weimar gov fled Berlin to seek safety. |
| How was the Kapp Putsch shut down? | Government organised the trade unions to go on strike, caused such chaos that the Kapp couldn't rule Germany and had to flee |
| What year did hyperinflation occur in Germany? | 1923 |
| What are the first 2 early causes of hyperinflation? | 1914-18 (Gov printed more money to pay for WWI but it didn't have more gold), 1918-22 (Weimar gov printed more money) |
| What is the next major cause of hyperinflation? | Jan 1923, French troops invaded the Ruhr to take reparations payments in goods and raw materials and German workers went on strike, Weimar gov printed more money to pay strikers |
| What was the issue in Nov 1923? | German mark was worthless |
| Give 3 negative effects of the hyperinflation. | Some could not afford essentials like bread, savings became worthless, people blamed the weimar gov making it more unpopular |
| Give 2 positive effects of the hyperinflation. | Farmers benefited as they got payed more for food, fixed rents for rooms or shops became very cheap |
| Who was Stresemann? | The new chancellor |
| When was the Rentenmark set up and what was it? | Nov 1923, Stresemann set it up and it was a new currency. Reichsbank given control over it in Aug 1924 and it was renamed to Reichsmark, hyperinflation was over |
| When and what was the Dawes Plan? | 1924, Dawes designed a plan so Germany could pay it's reparations: Instalments temporarily reduced to £50 million a year, US banks agreed to make loans to German industry |
| When and what was the Young plan? | Aug 1929, reduced total reparations to £2 billion, payments could be made up until 1988, lower reparations meant lower taxes however a lot of oppostition |
| Give 2 problems of economy after all this | Extremist parties completely against paying reparations, economic recovery depended on American loans |
| What year was the Locarno Pact and give 3 elements of it | 1925, Germany agreed to it's new border with France (improving relations), Allies and Germany agreed to permanent demilitarisation of Rhineland, German membership of league of nations up for discussion |
| What was the league of nations? | International body that hoped to discuss world problems to prevent war created in 1920 |
| What eventually happened for Germany in league of nations? | They joined in 1926, and became member of council |
| How did living standards change after 1924? (4) | Working hours reduced, Wages rose, Working conditions improved, Between 1925-29 101000 homes built |
| Give 3 changes to Women in work. | Few secured high status jobs, most gave up work after marriage, encouraged to go to university |
| Give 2 changes to Women in leisure. | Less interested in work and more in having a good time, greater earning power led to more independence for single women |
| Give 3 changes to Women in politics | Earned right to vote in 1918, marriage was equal partnership, Article 109 of constitution stated they had equal rights with men |
| How did architecture change? | New designers and architects challenged traditional ideas and practices in building and interiors (e.g Bauhaus school) |
| How did Cinema change from 1924? | Expressionism flourished in film-making particularly in Weimar Germany due to fewer restrictions |
| How did Art change? | Artists made sure everyone had access to their art and painted art about problems in German society using Expressionism |
| What party did Hitler join and when? | German Workers' Party, in Sep 1919 |
| What happened in this party for Hitler and what year? | He became second in command in 1920 |
| When was the Nazi Party set up and when did Hitler become leader? | August 1920, Hitler became leader in 1921 |
| Give 4 elements of the 25-point programme set up in 1920 by Hitler and Drexler. | Increase pensions for elderly, get rid of treaty of versailles, everybody should have a job, only German races may be members of the nation (Not jews) |
| What was the role of the SA? | Under command of Ernst Rohm, brown uniforms, disrupt opposition meetings and control crowds and any opposition to Hitler often violently |
| What was the Munich Putsch? | Hitler's attempt to overthrow the Weimar government in Nov 1923 |
| Give 4 reasons for the Munich Putsch. | Stab in the back theory, reparations, Hitler being influenced by Mussolini and his march on Rome, French occupation of the Ruhr |
| What happened on 8th Nov 1923? | Hitler with 600 SA entered beer hall in Munich, he forced gov leaders to support him at gunpoint, Rohm took over local police and army HQ |
| What happened on 9th Nov 1923? | Hitler gathered with 1000 SA and 200 volunteer supporters and marched on Munich town centre to declare himself president, met by state police and Rohm arrested |
| What happened on 11th Nov 1923? | Hitler found hiding and arrested |
| Give 2 short term consequences of Putsch | Hitler in prison, fail due to lack of support |
| Give 2 long term consequences | Wrote Mein Kampf in prison and became bestseller, events made him realise he needed better Tactics and better organisation for support |
| When was the Bamberg conference and why was it significant? | 1926, Hitler addressed splits between socialist and nationalist wings of Nazi movement |
| What led to the growth of unemployment in 1929? | Wall street crash, US lost a lot of money, so they stopped lending to Germany and demanded all loans repaid |
| Give 3 reasons Hitler began to appeal to people. | Strong leader, the party accepted modern tech, travelled around the country giving speeches and talking on the radio |
| Give 3 effects of Hitler's propaganda | Persuaded business people he could solve economic crisis, working-class people he could give them work and food, young people to join him by providing something exciting |
| Why did Hitler become chancellor in 1933? | Von Papen persuades Hidenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor to avoic von Schleicher's military dictatorship |
| When was the Reichstag fire and what was Hitler's approach? | 1933, he accused the communist party for conspiring against the gov, 4000 communists were arrested, Nazi party secured more seats |
| What and when was the Enabling Act? | 1933, Hitler used this to destroy Reichstag power and give it to himself. |
| Give 2 parts of the Enabling Act. | The laws could overrule the constitution, Hitler would propose the laws |
| What effect did the Enabling Act have on trade unions? | Replaced with German labour front, many union officials arrested |
| What effect did the Enabling Act have on other political parties? | May 1933, SDP and Communist Party offices and funds taken by the Nazis, July 1933, other parties banned |
| Why were Rohm and the SA a threat to Hitler? | Rohm did not like his policies, many of the SA felt undervalued and angry due to unemployment |
| What was the Night of the long knives? | Hitler getting rid of the threat by hosting a fake meeting in 1934 for Rohm and 100 SA leaders, they were arrested by SS, taken to Munich and shot |
| Why was the Death of Hindenburg important to Hitler and when was it? | Aug 1934, the officers of Chancellor and President were merged to create a new office for the Fuhrer |
| What was the Army oath of allegiance? | The day Hidenburg died, Hitler announced the army should swear an oath of allegiance to him and not Germany |
| Give 3 facts about the Gestapo | Spied on people, prosecuted people for speaking against Nazis, sent people to concentration camps |
| Give 3 facts about the SS | Controlled all Germany's police and security forces, acted outside the law, ran the concentration camps |
| Give 3 facts about the concentration camps. | Political prisoners and Jews lived there, inmates treated awfully, camps were in isolated areas |
| Give 2 ways in which Hitler controlled the legal system | All judges had to be in favour of the Nazis, abolished trial by jury |
| How did Hitler try to control the Catholic church? (2) | Went against July 1933 Concordat by: Any priests opposing Nazis were sent to conc camps, catholic youth orgs were banned |
| How did Hitler try to control the Protestant church? | Formed Reich church in 1933, supported by Nazis |
| How did the Nazis use censorship? (3) | Public burning of books by Jews, Radio producers and newspapers told what to say, Newspapers opposing Nazis were closed |
| How did Nazis and Goebells use propaganda? | Cinema showed propaganda films, Hitler's radio speeches played everywhere, posters everywhere |
| Why was the Berlin Olympics (1936) significant? | Well organised and an opportunity to present Nazi Germany in a good light |
| Why did Niemoller oppose Hitler? | Didn't like Nazi interference with the protestant church, spoke out against Hitler and got arrested many times |
| How did Pastors and priests oppose the Nazis? | 6000 protestant pastors joined neimollers confessing church |
| How did the Edelweiss Pirates oppose the Nazis? | Wrote anti-nazi graffiti, read and listened to banned music, had 2000 members by 1939 |
| How did the Swing Youth oppose Nazis? | Listened to american music and watched american films. Mostly made up of children from wealthy families |
| What were Nazi views on women and family? | Traditional clothes, marry and have children, not work |
| Give 3 Nazi Policies toward's women. | Women should not work, The Marriage Law of 1933 by using Marriage loans, they should have at least 4 children |
| Give 3 examples of Hitler Youth | Shooting and helping fire brigade |
| Give 2 examples of League of German Maidens | Cookery and housework |
| Give 3 ways in which Nazis controlled education. | Teachers had to belong to Nazi party, boys taught military skills, Nazi flags and posters in classrooms |
| How did Nazis reduce unemployment? | National Labour service (Jul 1935, all men 18-25 had to serve for 6 months on this scheme) |
| What was the German labour front? | DAF replaced trade unions, workers had to be members |
| What was strength through Joy? | Aimed to increase productivity by making workers happy (e.g, concerts or holidays) |
| What was Beauty of labour? | Aimed to improve conditions by: providing canteens and building pools |
| When and what were the Nuremberg laws? | 1935, Aryan couldn't marry black, Jews or gypsies |
| Give 3 persecutions on Jews businesses | 1933, SA organise boycott of Jewish businesses, 1937 - Jewish businesses taken over by Aryans, 1939 - Barred from owning bussines |
| Give 3 other persecutions on Jews | Actors and musicians banned from performing, 1936 banned and restricted from working with jobs like teachers, passports had to be stamped with a J |
| As part of the Nuremberg laws, what else did Jews have to face? | Cannot vote, they had to wear a yellow star-shaped patch |
| What happened on kristalnacht and when? | 1938, 100 jews killed, 800+ shops destroyed, 191 synagogues destroyed |
| What happened as a consequence of kristallnacht? | Goebbels ordered Jews to pay damage fees up to 1 billion marks |
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