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Biology (P2)
Exchange and transport in animals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Give an example that shows organisms need to take in substances and get rid of waste products. | Cells need oxygen for aerobic respiration, CO2 is waste product |
| How do these gases move between cells and the environment? | By diffusion |
| When water is taken up by cells by osmosis what else happens with animals? | Dissolved food molecules and mineral ions diffuse along with it |
| Give an example of a waste product and how it is removed in animals | Urea, diffuses from cells to blood plasma for removal from the body by the kidneys |
| Why does a multicellular organism need exchange surfaces and a transport system? | They have a smaller surface area compared to their volume |
| How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange? (4) | Moist lining for dissolving gases, good blood supply, very thin walls minimising distance gases have to move, enormous surface area |
| What do red blood cells do? | Carry oxygen from lungs to all the cells in the body |
| Give 3 factors in red blood cells. | No nucleus allowing more room, haemoglobin containing iron, biconcave disc shape for large surface area |
| Why is haemoglobin important? | Binds to oxygen in the lungs |
| What are phagocytes? | White blood cells that change shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms |
| What are lymphocytes? | White blood cells that produce antibodies against microorganisms |
| What are platelets? | Small fragments of cells that help blood to clot at a wound |
| What is plasma? | Pale straw-coloured liquid which carries everything |
| Give a feature of the artery for it's function. | Walls are strong and elastic so the heart pumps blood out at high pressure |
| Give a feature of capillaries for their function. | Walls are one cell thick, this increases rate of diffusion by increasing the distance over which it occurs |
| Give 2 features of veins for their function. | Bigger lumen than arteries to help blood flow with low pressure and valves to keep it flowing in right direction |
| The heart has a double circulatory system, what does it do in the first circuit? | Pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, oxygenated blood then returns to the heart |
| What about the second circuit? | Pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs, deoxygenated blood returns to the heart |
| What is the role of the right atrium? | Receives deoxygenated blood from the body |
| What happens next? | Deoxygenated blood moves through to right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs via pulmonary artery |
| What is the role of the left atrium? | Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through pulmonary vein |
| What happens next? | Oxygenated blood moves through to left ventricle which pumps it round the whole body via the aorta |
| Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall? | Because it has to pump blood round the whole body at high pressure |
| What do valves prevent? | Backflow of blood in the heart |
| What is the cardiac output equation? | Cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume |
| What is cellular respiration? | Exothermic reaction occurring continuously in living cells to release energy for metabolic processes |
| What 2 things does cellular respiration include? | Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration |
| What does aerobic respiration need and what is the equation? | Plenty of oxygen, (glucose + oxygen → co2 + water) |
| How is anaerobic different and what is the equation? | Uses no oxygen (glucose → lactic acid) |
| What causes anaerobic respiration? | When the body can't supply enough oxygen to muslces during exercise |
| What are the steps to investigate the rate of respiration in living organisms? (3) | Soda lime granules added to 2 test tubes, ball of cotton wool places above soda lime in each tube, woodlice placed on top of cotton wool in 1 tube and glass beads with the same mass are used in the control tube, respirometer set up |
| What are the next steps? (4) | Syringe used to set fluid in the manometer, apparatus left for a set period of time in water bath at 15c, distance moved by liquid in a given time is measured, repeat steps with water bath at different temperatures |
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