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Philosophy

QuestionAnswer
Rationalism A philosophy that believes the best way to gain knowledge is through reason and logical thought, rather than relying on what we see or experience.
Ratio The Latin root word for rationalism, meaning reason.
Innate Ideas The belief that humans are born with certain knowledge and concepts already inside us to help make sense of the world.
Empiricism A philosophy that believes our feelings, senses, and experiences shape our understanding of the world.
Deductive Reasoning A step-by-step logical method where you start with general principles and use them to conclude specific situations.
Abstract Ideas Theoretical or mental concepts (like mathematics and logic) that rationalists believe are just as real as physical, material objects.
Justified True Belief (JTB) You only have knowledge when: Belief: You must actually believe it. Truth: It must actually be true in reality. Justification: You must have a good, logical reason to believe it.
The Gettier Problem A problem showing that you can be right about something for the wrong reasons. It proves that having a justified true belief can sometimes just be down to sheer luck, which shouldn't count as real knowledge.
Example of Gettier problem You look at a broken clock that says 4:00. By pure luck, it actually is 4:00. You are right, and you have a reason to believe it, but it’s just a coincidence.
No False Belief A rule to fix the Gettier Problem. It says your belief only counts as knowledge if every single step of your reasoning is based on facts, with zero false assumptions along the way.
No-Defeater Analysis A rule saying your belief only counts as knowledge if there are no hidden facts out there that would completely ruin your justification if you found out about them.
David Hume A famous empiricist philosopher who argued that human understanding is entirely shaped by feelings and experiences.
Tabula Rasa the human mind is born as a "blank slate," waiting for experience to write on it.
Utilitarianism The ethical theory that says an action is "good" if it makes the majority of people happy. It's all about the consequences and the final outcome.
Deontology The absolute opposite of Utilitarianism. It says some actions are just inherently right or wrong, no matter what. You have a duty to follow the rules, period.
Consequences vs. Duty The big debate. Utilitarians care about the results of an action; Deontologists only care about the action itself and if it follows the rules.
Immanuel Kant The main philosopher behind Deontology. He thought if a rule shouldn't be followed by everyone in the world all the time (like lying), then you should never do it.
The Categorical Imperative Kant's ultimate rule: Only do things that you would want to become a universal law for every single human being on Earth.
Non-Cognitivism The theory that moral claims express emotions or commands .
Practical Knowledge Knowledge grounded in a decision rather than evidence
Is-Ought Problem The challenge of moving from facts about how the world is to how it ought to be
Moral Epistemology (Knowledge) Asks how we can prove or know moral truths
Moral Realism The belief that moral facts are as real as scientific facts
Moral Relativism The idea that moral truths change based on culture or individual preference
The Grounding Problem The difficult search for a foundation that makes moral beliefs clear, objective, and unmoving
Deontology example A modern-day Robin Hood steals money from a corrupt billionaire to pay for a poor child's life-saving medical treatment. It is bad because it breaks a rule
What is Consequentialism? The idea that the moral worth of an action depends on its outcomes and consequences.
Who is the key philosopher of Deontology? Immanuel Kant.
What are the core principles of Deontology? Follow moral rules, focus on intentions, and recognize that some actions are inherently right or wrong.
How would a Utilitarian respond to the Trolley Problem? Make the other wat to save five people bit sacrifice one, because the outcome produces the greatest overall good.
Created by: user-2043045
 

 



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