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Biology (P2)
Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the role of the pituitary gland? | Secretes hormones into blood to have effect on body or act on other glands to stimulate them to produce different hormones |
| What is the role of the thyroid gland? | Secretes thyroxine, controls metabolic rate, heart rate and temperature |
| What is the role of the pancreas? | Secretes insulin, controls blood glucose levels |
| What is the role of the adrenal gland? | Secretes adrenaline, involved in fight or flight response |
| What is the role of the ovary? | Secretes oestrogen, involved in menstrual cycle and dev of female secondary sexual characteristics |
| What is the role of the testes? | Secretes testosterone, involved in sperm production and dev of male secondary sexual characteristics |
| How are hormones transported to their target organ? | By the blood |
| What is adrenaline? | A hormone produced by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for fight or flight |
| Give 4 aspects of the fight or flight response. | Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased blood flow to the muscles and raised blood sugar levels |
| How are our blood sugar levels raised in this response? | Liver is stimulated to change glycogen into glucose |
| What does thyroxine control? | Metabolic rate |
| What does low levels of thyroxine stimulate? | Production of TRH in hypothalamus |
| What does the TRH then cause? | Release of TSH from the pituitary gland |
| What does the TSH then do? | Acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine |
| What happens when thyroxine levels are normal? | Thyroxine inhibits release of TRH and production of TSH |
| Stage 1 of the menstrual cycle. | Lining of the uterus breaks down and woman has her period |
| Stage 2 of the menstrual cycle | Lining builds up again and egg is released from the ovary (day 14) |
| What is the role of FSH in the menstrual cycle? | Secreted by pituitary gland, stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen |
| What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle? | Causes lining of uterus to thicken, stimulates production of LH |
| What is the role of LH in the menstrual cycle? | Produced in pituitary gland, release results in ovulation |
| What is the role of Progesterone in the menstrual cycle? | Produced in ovaries, maintains lining of uterus |
| How does hormonal contraception prevent pregnancy? | Mucus in cervix become too thick for sperm and lining thins, oestrogen inhibits FSH, preventing ovulation |
| What are 3 other hormonal contraceptions that release progesterone? | Contraceptive implant, contraceptive injection and IUD |
| Give a chemical method of contraception. | Spermicides |
| Give 2 barrier methods of contraception. | Condoms and diaphragms |
| What does the copper IUD do? | Kills sperm and stops fertilised embryos being implanted into uterus lining |
| What does IVF involve? | Collecting eggs from the woman's ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man's sperm |
| What happens when the embryo is fertilised in IVF? | Transferred to the woman's uterus |
| What is IVF an example of? | Assisted reproductive therapy (ART) |
| What does Clomifene therapy involve? | Take a drug called clomifene, causes more FSH and LH to be released which stimulates egg maturation and ovulation. |
| What can a couple do with clomifene? | Have sex when the woman is ovulating |
| Why is maintaining a constant internal environment important? | Your cells need the right conditions in order to function properly |
| How does insulin control blood glucose concentration? (3) | Insulin secreted by pancreas, glucose moves from blood into liver and muscle cells, insulin causes liver to turn glucose into glycogen |
| How is blood glucose concentration regulated by glucagon? (3) | Glucagon secreted by pancreas, glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose, glucose released into blood by liver |
| What causes type 1 diabetes? | Pancreas produces very little or no insulin, leading to too much glucose in blood |
| How is type 1 diabetes controlled? | Injecting correct amount of insulin into bloodstream, often done at meal times |
| What causes type 2 diabetes? | Obesity and fat around abdomen |
| How is type 2 diabetes controlled? | Healthy diet, regular exercise and losing weight (sometimes meds or insulin injections) |
| What is the equation for BMI? | Mass/height squared |
| What is the equation for waist to hip ratio? | Waist circumference (cm) / Hip circumference (cm) |
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