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A&P 2
Urinary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| increase in H = | pH more acidic |
| decrease in H = | pH more alkaline |
| 3 systems that regulate pH | buffers, respiratory, urinary |
| what are buffer systems | pairs of chemicals (1 weak acid and 1 weak base) that temporarily bind/release H to prevent pH changes |
| weak base ____ H to make pH less acidic | binds |
| weak acid ___ H to make pH more acidic | releases |
| what are the 3 primary buffer systems | bicarbonate/carbonic acid, protein, phosphate |
| true or false: carbonic acid releases H to make us more acidic | true |
| true or false: bicarbonate is a weak base that associates with Na to form sodium bicarbonate and can bind H to make us more alkaline | true |
| relationship between carbonic acid and bicabarbonate | H2CO3 <--> HCO3 + H |
| ration between bicarbonate and carbonic acid, greater bicarbonate amount is _____ | 20:1, bicarbonate reserve |
| protein buffers | proteins in plasma and protein of hemoglobin that function as buffer |
| protein are | amphoteric (act as ither weak base/acid) |
| amino group of amino acid | base |
| carboxyl group of amino acid | acid |
| phosphate buffer system | function within kidney |
| functions of urinary system | help maintain homeostasis, influences BP, control pH, removes waste |
| Kidney is known as | retroperitoneal |
| hilum | depression of medial surface, where ureter and renal artery/vein enter kidney |
| 3 capsules that surround kidney | 1. true capsule (inner most, closely applied to kidney but doesn't adhere, transparent fibrous membrane, barrier to trauma and infection) 2. adipose capsule (provides protection) 3. renal fascia (outermost, composed of fibrous CT, ancors kidney) |
| ureter enters hilum, expands into | renal pelvis (where kidney stones develop) |
| true or false: cortex of kidney is the outer region, dips down between renal pyramids as renal columns | true |
| where is glomeruli, Bowmans capsules, PCT and DCT | cortex of kidney |
| Medulla of kidney contains | - renal pyramids: fan shaped arrangements of collecting ducts - papillae: tip of pyramid - minor and major calyx: extensions of renal pelvis |
| true or false: medulla contains high concentration of salt | true |
| flow of urine | Renal cortex - collecting ducts - papilla - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter - bladder - urethra |
| which nephron is most common | cortical nephrons (85%), loops slightly from cortex into medulla |
| peritubular capillaries form loops known as vasa recta in which nephron | juxtamedullary nephrons |
| where does blood filtration occur | renal corpuscle - glomerulus: ball of fenestrated capillaries - Bowmans capsule surrounds each glomerulus |
| what is Bowmans capsule | parietal layer of simple squamous - visceral layer has basement membrane with podocytes that wrap around capillary to make filtration slits - cavity between layers collect filtrate from glomerulus |
| capillary wall + basement membrane + podocytes = | filtration membrane (water/small molecules can pass through but not blood/plasma cells) |
| what epithelium makes up proximal and distal convoluted tubules | cuboid epithelium with microvilli for absorption |
| loop of Henle is made of what epithelium | simple squamous |
| 3 layers of ureters | 1. adventitia anchors ureters in place 2. middle 2 layers of smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis (wave like contractions)3. mucous membrane lining with surface of transitional epithelium |
| what are the 3 restrictions of the ureters (where kidney stones can lodge) | 1 where ureter expands into renal pelvis 2. where ureter crosses iliac artery 3. where ureter enters bladder |
| trigone | base of bladder where the 3 openings of ureters and urethra are (where bladder infections are) |
| detrusor muscle | forms most of bladder, 3 layers of smooth muscle |
| muscle of bladder wall supplied by _____ and contracts in response to ______ | pelvic splanchnic nerves, micturition reflex (reflex to empty bladder) |
| bladder lined with mucous membrane which is ___ epithelium | transitional |
| when empty, membrane of bladder develops folds called ___ that allow bladder to expand | rugae |
| cystitis | bladder inflammation, most common in women, from E.coli or other bacteria in digestive tract |
| different parts of the 8 in male urethra | - prostatic urethra: 1st in, surrounded by prostate gland - membranous urethra: 0.2 in portion, passes through urogenital diaphragm - spongy urethra: 6 in, pass down center of penis |
| the sphincters | where bladder empties into urethra |
| internal sphincter | thickening of detrusor muscle, from pelvic splanchnic nerves, relax in response to micturition reflex |
| external sphincter | in skeletal muscle of pelvic floor (voluntary control) |
| 3 phases of urine formation | 1. glomerular filtration 2. tubular reabsorption 3. tubular secretion |
| glomerular filtration rate | measure of how much filtrate is generated at glomeruli/min, normal GFR is 120 ml/min |
| GBHP | larger afferent arteriole and smaller efferent arteriole cause blood to back up into capillaries, increasing pressure and pushing fluid out of capillary |
| GBOP | created by blood solutes that cant pass through filtration membrane, has water pulling power |
| capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) | filtrate inside bowman's capsule pushing on outside of capillary wall |
| net filtration pressure equation | NFP = GBHP - (CHP + GBOP) greater GBHP = greater filtration |
| intrinsic pathways to maintain stable GFR | myogenic mechanism, tubuloglomerular feedback |
| tubuloglomerular feedback | mechanism by juxtaglomerular apparatus that controls GFR based on filtrate/salt levels |
| 2 parts of tubuloglomerular feedback | - macula densa: cells in wall of DCT that monitor volume and salt of filtrate - granular cells: mechanoreceptors in wall of A.A that monitor BP and produce renin |
| extrinsic mechanisms to maintain stable GFR | sympathetic stimulation, hormonal control |
| sympathetic stimulation to regulate GFR | if BP drops very low, sympathetic kicks in to increase HR and constrict vessels to increase BP, can also stimulate release of renin |
| hormonal control to regulate GFR | granular cells release renin, causes angiotensinogen --> angiotensin 1, transformed by ACE to angiotensin 2 |
| what does angiotensin 2 do | constrict vessels, increase BP and filtration, targets adrenal cortex to stimulate release of aldosterone |
| what does aldosterone do | targets DCT, causes sodium retention, angiotensin 2 + high sodium levels = release of ADH from hypothalamus |
| atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | - produced by atrial walls in response to stretch from high BP - inhibits secretion of renin/aldosterone/ADH - decreases BP by vasodilation - dilates A.A, causes glomeruli to become more permeable and increases rate of filtration = lower BP |
| where does majority of all reabsorption occur | PCT |
| glucose, amino acids, vitamin, positive ions reabsorbed via secondary transport by a | Na symporter |
| symporters assisted by | Na/K pumps |
| negative ions reabsorbed in PCT via | electrochemical attraction by positive ions |
| obligatory reabsorption | water leaves PCT by osmosis due to osmotic gradient caused by other nutrients leaving tubules |
| transport maximum | certain amount of a nutrient symporters can absorb |
| if levels of nutrient get too high, transports get saturated and fail to reabsorb all of nutrient causing | it to be lost in urine |
| PCT has active secretion of wastes out of blood and into filtrate such as: | 1. drugs (penicillin, histamine, morphine) 2. H into filtrate 3. nitrogenous wastes from metabolism of amino acids |
| descending limb of loop of Henle | - enters medulla of kidney where salt is more concentrated - permeable to water but not salt - water diffuses out loop and reabsorbed into vasa recta by obligatory absorption |
| ascending limp of loop of Henle | - permeable to salt not water - Na and Cl ions initially passively then actively pumped out to IF - addition in salt in medulla helps reabsorption of water on descending limb - filtrate becomes more hypotonic as it approaches DCT |
| which hormones influence secretion and absorption of DCT and CD | 1. ADH (during dehydration, can generate aquaporins to let additional water be reabsorbed) 2. aldosterone (stimulates cells to increase number of Na/K pumps) 3. PTH increases calcium reabsroption 4. H secreted into filtrate in exchange for bicarbonate |
| facultative reabsorption (DCT) | water leaves filtrate because of osmotic gradient and returns to circulatory system |
| ADH | - targets CD, stimulates hypothalamus to generate sensation of thirst - diuretics, pain, anxiety, alcohol, caffeine inhibit ADH and increase urine output |
| aldosterone | - adrenal cortex - stimulus: high K and angiotensin 2 - targets DCT and CD - sodium retention increases solute concertation of blood and water retention |
| glucosuria | glucose in urine, could mean diabetes mellitus |
| ketonuria | ketones in urine, excessive fat metabolism due to starvation/dieting, could mean diabetes mellitus |
| albuminuria | proteins in urine, could mean inflammation of kidney cases glomerulus to get laky, high BP, kidney failure |
| hematuria | blood in urine, could mean kidney trauma/infection/stones |
| pyuria | WBCs in urine, could mean infection to urinary tract |
| hemoglobinuria | excess hemolysis of RBCs, could mean hemolytic anemia/transfusion reactions |
| bile pigments | bilirubin/verdin in urine, could mean hepatitis/cirrhosis of liver = jaundice |
| metabolic acidosis | - accumulation of any acid/loss of bases - detected by low bicarbonate levels - sources: kidney failure, removal of alkaline content of upper intestines, diabetes mellitus generates acidic ketones |
| metabolic alkalosis | - excessive loss of H/gain of bases - loss of stomach acid - consumption of large amounts of antacids |
Created by:
katiew0