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drugs reproductive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| amenorrhea | Absence of menstruation. |
| chancre | A painless ulcer, particularly one developing during the primary stage of syphilis. |
| corpus albicans | The regressed form of the corpus luteum. |
| corpus luteum | A hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun. |
| cryptorchidism | Failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum. |
| endometriosis | A condition resulting from the appearance of endometrial tissue outside the uterus and causing pelvic pain. |
| endometrium | The mucous membrane lining the uterus, which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo. |
| fallopian (uterine) tubes | Tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus. |
| genitourinary | Relating to the genital and urinary organs. |
| gummas | Soft, non-cancerous growths resulting from the tertiary stage of syphilis. |
| infundibulum | The funnel-shaped end of each fallopian tube near the ovary. |
| menorrhagia | Abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation. |
| menses | The periodic flow of blood and cellular debris from the uterus. Also known as The menstrual cycle |
| myometrium | The muscular outer layer of the uterus. |
| oligomenorrhea | Infrequent or very light menstruation. |
| ovulation | The release of an egg from the ovary. |
| perimetrium | The serous membrane forming the outer layer of the uterus. |
| prostate gland | A gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid. |
| semen | The fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated from the male reproductive tract. |
| seminiferous tubules | Coiled tubules in the testes where sperm are produced. |
| spermatogonia | Cells in the testes that can divide and differentiate into sperm cells. |
| tunic albuginea | A fibrous covering of the testis. |
| vas deferens | The duct that conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra. |
| fundus | dome-shaped, and it lies above the fallopian tubes |
| cervix | the thin, inferior area opening into the vagina |
| isthmus | small and constricted, lying between the body and the cervix |
| Infertility | the inability of a couple to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse for individuals younger than 35 years of age, or after 6 months for those older than 35. Female infertility accounts for 60%–70% of infertility among couples. |
| Female Infertility drugs | Female Infertility drugs |
| Ergoline Derivative and Dopamine Agonist | bromocriptine Parlodel |
| Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator | clomiphene Clomid, |
| Progestin | progesterone Crinone |
| Ethisterone Derivative and Synthetic Steroid | danazol Danocrine |
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Enhancing Drugs | chorionic gonadotropin Novarel, choriogonadotropin alfa (r-HCG) Pregnyl, follitropin alfa Gonal-F, follitropin beta Follistim, menotropins Repronex, urofollitropin Bravelle |
| Gonadotropin-Ovulation Stimulator | menotropins Menopur |
| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Antagonists | cetrorelix acetate Cetrotide |
| GnRH Analogs and Agonists | goserelin acetate Zoladex, leuprolide Lupron, nafarelin Synarel, |
| Male infertility | accounts for 30%–40% of infertility. For male infertility, before any medication is used, a psychological etiology must be ruled out. If no psychological conditions are responsible for infertility, physical causes are investigated. |
| Male infertility drugs | Male infertility drugs |
| Androgens | danazol Danocrine, fluoxymesterone Androxy, methyltestosterone Android Testred Virilon, methyltestosterone (tablets) Oxandrin, oxymetholone Androl-50, testosterone (buccal) Striant, testosterone (transdermal) Testoderm TTS Androderm others, |
| Androgens 2 | testosterone (pellets) Testopel, testosterone (gel) Androgel Testim, testosterone cypionate Depotest, Andro-Cyp, Depo-Testosterone, testosterone enanthate Andro LA, Delatest, Delatestryl |
| Gonadotropin | human chorionic gonadotropin Pregnyl |
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | an infection of the uterine lining that may spread into the fallopian tubes. Though usually caused by gonorrhea and chlamydia, the initial infection often becomes multi-bacterial, involving aerobic as well as anaerobic organisms |
| Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding | hemorrhaging in abnormal amounts or on a noncyclical basis. The condition may be excessive, prolonged, or unpatterned, and not related to structural or systemic diseases |
| Dysfunctional Uterine bleeding drugs | Dysfunctional Uterine bleeding drugs |
| Estrogens | conjugated estrogen Premarin Premarin Vaginal, esterified estrogen Menest, estradoil Climara Estraderm Estrave Vivelle, estradiol cypionate Depo-Estradoil, estradiol valerate Delestrogen Duragen-10 Valergen, estropipate Ogen |
| Progestins | medroxyprogesterone Depo-Provera®, Depo-subQ-Provera®, Provera®, Cycrin®, norethindrone Micronor Nor-Q.D., progesterone Crinone®, Endometrin®, Prochieve®, Prometrium® |
| Estrogen–Progestin Combinations | conjugated estrogens (equine)/medroxyprogesterone Premphase® Prempro®,estradiol/levonorgestrel Climara Pro®, estradiol/norgestimate Prefest, ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone acetate Activella |
| Menopause | also referred to as “climacteric,” and it is defined as cessation of menstrual periods for one year, with signs of ovarian insufficiency. Occurs between the ages of 50 and 51 years and is only considered premature when it occurs before the age of 40 |
| Hypogonadism | a lack of estrogen production from the ovaries or testes. In females, symptoms include lack of menstruation and breast development, a short stature, hot flashes, loss of menstruation and body hair, and decreased libido. |
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | BPH is nonmalignant, noninflammatory hypertrophy of the prostate gland. Enlargement of the prostate gland is a common condition in males after age 50, and frequency of this condition increases with age. |
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia drugs | Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia drugs |
| 5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors | dutasteride Avodart, finasteride Proscar |
| Alpha 1 Blockers | alfuzosin Uroxatral, doxazosin Cardura Cardura XL, tamsulosin Flomax, terazosin Hytrin |
| 5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors/Alpha 1 Blockers | dutasteride/tamsulosin Jalyn |
| Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors | tadalafil Cialis |
| Prostate Cancer | Symptoms of prostate cancer may be confused with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). These include weak or interrupted urine flow, difficulty starting or stopping urine flow, urinary frequency, urinary retention, dysuria, and hematuria |
| Prostate Cancer drugs | leuprolide (Lupron Depot®) and goserelin (Zoladex®). These agents work by blocking hormone production in the testes. Another option involves the antiandrogens called flutamide (Eulexin®) and nilutamide (Nilandron®). |
| Erectile Dysfunction | ED is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection. This is commonly called impotence. The condition is due to an insufficient amount of blood flowing to the penis, and not a lack of libido. It may occur only rarely, or it can be chronic |
| Erectile Dysfunction drugs | sildenafil Viagra, tadalafil Cialis, vardenafil Levitra |
| Viral Hepatitis | Viral hepatitis is a viral infection that produces inflammation of the liver, resulting in hepatic cell destruction and necrosis. It is the tenth leading cause of death among adults in the United States. |
| Hepatitis B | the primary blood-borne hazard for health care workers, and it may be transmitted through contaminated plasma and serum, contaminated needles, cuts caused by contaminated sharps, sexual contact, and contaminated material being splashed |
| Hepatitis C | a chronic form of hepatitis mostly transmitted by blood infusion or intravenous drug use, shared needles, and sexual contact. Up until recently it was not curable. Diagnosis requires detection of HCV antibodies. |
| Hep B & C drugs | Hep B & C drugs |
| Hepatitis B (only) - Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) | entecavir Baraclude, lamivudine Epivir-HBV, telbivudine Tyzeka |
| Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NTRTIs) | adefovir Hepsera, tenofovir Viread |
| Both Hepatitis B and C - Interferons | interferon alfa-2b Intron A, interferon alfa-2a pegylated Pegasys |
| Hepatitis C (only) - Antiviral | ribavirin Rebetol |
| Interferon | interferon alfa-2b pegylated PegIntron |
| Protease Inhibitors | boceprevir Victrelis, telaprevir Incivek |
| Combination Products | ombitasvir, paritaprevir, ritonavir, dasabuvir Viekira Pak®, Viekira XR®, ledipasvir, sofosbuvir Harvoni |
| Chlamydia | Chlamydia, one of the most commonly reported infectious diseases in the United States, causes urethritis in males and urethritis and cervicitis |
| Gonorrhea | very common infection of the genitourinary tract. is usually transmitted sexually. Though the disease appears to be declining in prevalence, N. gonorrhoeae is increasingly resistant to the drugs that have traditionally been used for treatment |
| Trichomoniasis | Trichomoniasis is a protozoal infection of the lower genitourinary tract. The condition usually affects the vagina in females and the urethra in males. It is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, usually transmitted through sexual contact. |
| Genital Herpes | Genital herpes is an infection of the skin of the genital area that manifests as painful ulcerations. Genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and is spread by (sexual) skin-to-skin contact. |
| Syphilis | Syphilis is a chronic, systemic STI that develops in four stages. Infection with the Treponema pallidum spirochete usually occurs through sexual contact (or other direct contact) with infected lesions or infected body fluids. |
| STI Drugs | STI drugs |
| vaginal candidiasis | clotrimazole Gyne-Lotrimin, fluconazole Diflucan, miconazole Monistat, terconazole Terazol, tioconazole Vagistat-1 |
| Chlamydia | azithromycin Zithromax, doxycycline Vibramycin, erythromycin E-Mycin, levofloxacin Levaquin, ofloxacin Floxin |
| Bacterial Vaginitis | clindamycin Clindesse, metronidazole Flagyl Metrogel Vagial 0.75% |
| Genital Herpes | acyclovir Zovirax, famciclovir Famvir, valacyclovir Valtrex |
| Gonorrhea | cefixime Suprax, cefixime/azithromycin Zithromax, ceftriaxone Rocephin |
| Syphilis | benzathine/penicillin G Bicillin L-A |
| Trichomoniasis Vaginalis | metronidazole Flagyl Metrogel Vaginal, tinidazole Tindamax |
| Contraceptive drugs | Contraceptive drugs |
| Monophasic Agents | estrogen/progestin Alesse-28®, Necon 1/35, Ortho-Novum 1/35®, estinyl estradiol/desogestrel Desogen, Ortho-Cept®, estinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel Alesse, Levlen, Nordette, ethinyl estradiol/drospirenone Yasmin, ethinyl estradiol/norelgestromin Ortho Evra |
| Biphasic Agents | ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone Ortho-Novum 10/11® |
| Triphasic Agents | ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel Tri-Levlen®, Triphasil®, ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone Ortho-Novum 7/7/7®, Tri- Norinyl® |
| Estrophasic Agents | ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone Estrostep |
| Estrostep | norethindrone Micronor®, Nor-Q.D.®, 1norgestrel Ovrette |
| Long-Acting Agents | ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel (extended-cycle) Seasonique, etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol NuvaRing, intrauterine progesterone contraceptive system Progestasert, levonorgestrel Mirena medroxyprogesterone acetate Depo-Provera |
| Emergency Contraceptive | levonorgestrel Plan B® |
| Pharmacological Agents That Terminate Early Pregnancy | carboprost tromethamine Hemabate, dinoprostone Cervidil®, Prepidil®, Prostin E2, methotrexate/misoprostol, mifepristone/misoprostol Mifeprex |
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