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BioChemistry
MLS Biochemistry subjects ALL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the normal reference range for Total Bilirun? | .2-1 mg/dL |
| What is the normal reference range for BUN? | 6-20 mg/dL |
| What is the normal reference range for Calcium? | 8.6-10 mg/dL |
| What is the normal reference range for Creatinine | .6-.12 mg/dL |
| What is the normal reference range for Glucose? | 70-99 mg/dL |
| What is the normal reference range for Potassium? | 3.5- 5.1 mEq/L |
| What is the normal reference range for Sodium? | 136-145 mEq/L |
| What is the normal reference range for Total Protein? | 6.4-8.3 g/dL |
| What is the normal reference range for Uric acid? | 2.6-7.2 mg/dL Gender dependant |
| What is the normal reference range for Chloride? | 98-107 mEq/L |
| What variables can affect chemistry sample values? | Diurnal, Food ingestion, Alcohol, Posture, Activity, Stress, Age, Gender, Race, Drugs |
| Squeezing the capillary site can affect which results? | K+ |
| Hemolysis can affect which results? | K+, Mg+, LD, AST, Iron, Ammonia, Phosphorus |
| Exposure to light can affect which results? | Bilirubin |
| What is the correct order of draw? | Yellow, Blue, Red, Green, Lavender, Gray |
| What analytes are better to draw serum for? | K+, Phosphate, CK, Bicarbonate, ALP, Albumin, AST |
| What analytes are better to draw plasma for? | Total Protein, LD, CA+, Glucose, Na+, Chloride |
| What analytes are better to draw capillary for? | Glucose, K+ |
| What analytes are better to draw venous for? | Ca+, Total Protein |
| What analytes are better to draw RBC for? | K+, Phosphate, Mg+ |
| What photometric method uses a tungsten light source? | Spectrophotometry |
| What photometric method produces a chemical reaction that absorbs the amount of light proportional to the concentration of the analyte? | Spectrophotometry |
| What photometric method uses a Hallow cathode/ flame light source? | Atomic absorption |
| What photometric method uses a xenon/ mercury light source? | Fluorometry |
| What photometric method has a 90 degree turn for its light source? | Fluorometry |
| Which photometric method measures light absorbed by atoms? | Atomic absroption |
| Which photometric method measures the wavelength of light emitted? | Fluorometry |
| What photometric method measures the reduction of light transmission by suspension particles? | Turbidimetry |
| What photometric method measures light at an angle from light source? | Nephelometry |
| What is the longest to shortest wavelengths for color on the visible light spectrum? | ROYGBIV |
| What is the visible wavelength for spectrophotometry? | 380-750 |
| What is the ultraviolet wavelength for spectrophotometry? | 220-380 |
| What is the Infrared wavelength for spectrophotometry? | 750-2,000 |
| What cuvette does visible light use? | Borosilicate |
| What cuvette does infrared and ultraviolet light use? | Quartz |
| What is Thin Layer Chromatography used for? | Screening for drug tests in urine |
| What is High-performance liquid chromatography used for? | Separation of thermolabile compounds |
| What is Gas chromatography used for? | Separation of volatile compounds |
| Describe Osmometry | Measures the # of dissolved particles based on freezing point depression |
| Describe Electrophoresis | Separation of particles based on charge and migration on a medium |
| Describe Mass spectrometry | Separation of ions based on mass to charge ratio |
| What does a basic metabolic panel consist of? | Na+, K+, Chloride, CO2, Glucose, BUN, Creatine, Ca+ |
| What does a comprehensive metabolic panel consist of? | Na+, K+, Chloride, CO2, Glucose, Creatine, BUN, albumin, T protein, ALP, AST, T Bilirubin, Ca2+ |
| What does a electrolyte consist of? | Na+, K+, Cl-, CO2 |
| What does a hepatic function panel consist of? | Albumin, ALT, AST, ALP, Bilirubin, T protein |
| What does a lipid panel consist of? | Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides |
| What does a renal function panel consist of? | Na+, K+, CO2, Glucose, Creatinine, BUN, Ca+, Albumin, Phosphate |
| What is a normal cholesterol range? | <150 mg/dL |
| What is a normal HDL range? | >60 mg/dL |
| What is a normal LDL range? | <100 mg/dL |
| What is a normal Triglyceride range? | <150 mg/dL |
| What is the normal reference range for Total Protein? | 64-83 g/L |
| What is the normal reference range for Albumin? | 35-50 g/L |
| What is the normal reference range for Microalbumin? | 30-300 mg/24 |
| What is Total proteins clinical significance? | Indicates increased dehydration, inflammation, MM Decreased nephrotic syndrome, malabsorption, malnutrition, agammaglobulinemia |
| What is Albumins clinical significance? | Indicates increased dehydration Decreased malnutrition, liver diseases, chronic inflammation |
| What is Microalbumin clinical significance? | Indicates increased diabetic risk of nephropathy |
| What does Thyroxine do for glucose regulation? | Increases glucose absorption from GI |
| What does Epinephrine do for glucose regulation? | Promotes glycogenolysis & glucogenesis |
| What is type I diabetes? | Autoimmune destruction of beta cells. Absolute insulin deficiency |
| What is type II diabetes? | Insulin resistance from beta cells, Associated with obesity |
| What is Gestational diabetes? | placenta inhibits insulin action in body |
| What is Pre-Diabetes? | Patients unable to utilize glucose but not |
| What should the range of random plasma glucose be to indicate diabetes? | > 200 mg/dL |
| What should the range of fasting plasma glucose be to indicate diabetes? | >126 mg/dL |
| What should the range of oral glucose be to indicate diabetes? | >95-180 mg/dL |
| What is oral glucose tests used for mainly? | Gestational diabetes Dx |
| What should the range of HBA1C be to indicate diabetes? | >6.5 mg/dL |
| What is indicitive of diabetes mellitus? | Decreased Blood pH, HDL, and Bicarbonate Increased LDL, Triglycerides, Blood glucose, Blood pressure |
| In electrophoresis where does the buffer flow to? | Cathode |
| What region do Bence jones proteins migrate to in urine electrophoresis? | Gamma region |
| What is the order of migration fastest to slowest in electrophoresis? | Albumin, Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, Beta 2, Gamma globulin |
| What is Phenylketonuria? | Deficiency of enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine producing phenyl pyruvic acid in blood and urine |
| What is Tyrosinemia? | Disorder of tyrosine catabolism so it excretes into the urine affecting liver and kidneys |
| What is Alkaptonuria? | Deficiency of enzyme that metabolizes tyrosine and phenylalanine that causes build up of homogentisic acid |
| What is Maple syrup urine disease? | Enzyme deficiency that causes build up of leucine, valine, and isoleucine. Burnt sugar odor urine, coma, death |
| What is Homocystinuria? | Deficiency of enzyme that metabolizes methionine that causes build up, osteoporosis, and thromboembolic events |
| What is Cystinuria? | Increased excretion due to renal reabsorption defect that causes recurring kidney stones |
| What does a spike in protein electrophoresis band alpha 1/2 mean? | Acute inflammation |
| What does a spike in protein electrophoresis band alpha 1/2 & gamma mean? | Chronic infection |
| What does a spike in protein electrophoresis band all fractions mean? | Cirrhosis |
| What does a spike in protein electrophoresis band immunoglobulin 1 mean? | Monoclonal gammopathy |
| What does a spike in protein electrophoresis band gamma mean? | Polyclonal gammopathy |
| What does a spike between protein electrophoresis band alpha & beta mean? | Hemolyzed specimen |
| What does a spike between protein electrophoresis band beta & gamma mean? | Fibrinogen interference |
| What is the reference range for BUN? | 8-26 mg/dL |
| What is the clinical significance of BUN testing? | Kidney disease and over hydration of the liver |
| What is the significance of Creatine testing? | Kidney disease from waste products in muscles |
| What is the reference range for Ammonia | 19-60 mg/dL |
| What is the significance of ammonia testing? | Liver disease and Reye syndrome |
| What are the bodies four major electrolytes? | Sodium, Chloride, CO2 and Potassium |
| What is the significance of sodium testing? | Natremia due to renal fluctuations. Major EXTRAcellular ion |
| What is the significance of potassium testing? | Kalemia due to fluctuations. Major INTRAcellular ion |
| What is the significance of chloride testing? | Chloremia due to fluctuations that helps maintain blood volume and Dx cystic fibrosis. EXTRAcellular ion |
| What is the significance of CO2 testing? | Helps identify metabolic alkalosis/ acidosis |
| What is the reference range of CO2? | 98-108 mmol/L |
| What is the reference range for magnesium? | 1.6-2.6 mg/dL |
| What is the significance of magnesium testing? | Can indicate renal failure if high and Gi disorders if low. Is an essential cofactor for many enzymes. |
| What is the significance of calcium testing? | Thyroid testing for the most abundant mineral in the body. |
| What is the reference range of phosphate? | 2.5-4.5 mg/dL |
| What is the significance of phosphate testing? | Thyroid testing INTRAcellular ion in the bones. |
| What is the significance of lactate testing? | Sign of lack of oxygen to tissues |
| What is the reference range of lactate? | 4.5-19.8 mg/dL |
| What is Beers law? | Concentration= unknown absorbance/ absorbance standard |
| How do you calculate Albumin/ Globulin? | Albumin/ (total protein-albumin) |
| How do you calculate Amylase? | (Urine amylase *serum creatinine) / (serum amylase* urine creatinine) |
| What are sources of error in arterial blood gasses? | Hyperventilation, Exposed to air, RT for >30min (ALL lower PO2, and raise pH & PCO2) |
Created by:
TBorger
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