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Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 6 main structures involved in human gas exchange, in order? | Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi/Bronchioles → Alveoli |
| What are the functions of the nose? | Filters, moistens, and warms air |
| What is the pharynx? | The throat; serves as a passage for both food and air. Dust and mucus are swept back by cilia. |
| What is the larynx? | The voice box. If a non-gas substance enters, the cough reflex activates. |
| What is the role of the epiglottis? | It covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway. |
| What structural features does the trachea have? | C-shaped ringed cartilage covered by cilia and mucus cells. |
| What are alveoli and what is their function? | Small sacs at the end of bronchioles, surrounded by capillaries. They are the site of gas exchange between the lungs and circulatory system via diffusion. |
| What coats the alveoli and why is it important? | Surfactant — it reduces surface tension in the alveoli. |
| What are the steps of inhalation? | 1. Diaphragm contracts (moves down) 2. Lung volume increases 3. Pressure inside lungs decreases 4. Air flows in |
| What are the steps of exhalation? | 1. Diaphragm relaxes (rises) 2. Lung volume decreases 3. Pressure inside lungs increases 4. Air rushes out |
| How many lobes does each lung have? | Left lung = 2 lobes (smaller); Right lung = 3 lobes (larger) |
| What are the pleurae? | A two-layered membranous cover around the lungs. The visceral pleura lines the lung surface; the parietal pleura lines the inside of the chest cavity. The intrapleural space lies between the two layers. |
| What is the diaphragm? | A muscle forming the lower border of the thoracic cavity; its contraction and relaxation drive breathing. |
| What are the 3 main cell types in the respiratory epithelium? | 1. Goblet cells — secrete mucus 2. Basal cells — produce new cells 3. Cilia cells — sweep debris trapped by mucus |
| What type of cells line the trachea and bronchi? | Pseudostratified cells |
| What are the functions of respiratory epithelium? | Moisten the tract, protect from pathogens, and aid in gas exchange. |
| What is the respiratory control center of the brain? | The medulla oblongata |
| How does rising CO₂ trigger increased breathing? | ↑ partial pressure of CO₂ → medulla oblongata stimulates ventilation rate → phrenic nerve signals diaphragm to contract → lungs inflate → thoracic pressure decreases |
| What is the phrenic nerve? | The nerve through which the medulla oblongata controls the diaphragm. |
| What are chemoreceptors and what are the two types? | Sensors that measure gas and acid concentrations to regulate breathing. Central chemoreceptors (in the medulla) indirectly monitor H⁺ in cerebrospinal fluid. Peripheral chemoreceptors (in carotid arteries and aorta) monitor CO₂, O₂, and pH via H⁺. |
| Is CO₂ more or less soluble in blood than O₂? | More soluble. |
| How is most CO₂ transported in the blood? | As bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) in the plasma. |
| What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of CO₂ to bicarbonate? | Carbonic anhydrase |
| Write the reaction for CO₂ conversion in the blood | CO₂ + H₂O ↔ H₂CO₃ ↔ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻ |
| What is the role of bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) in the blood? | It is the main buffer molecule in blood, maintaining a stable pH for physiological function. |
| What is hemoglobin? | A protein with 4 polypeptide subunits complexed around an iron (Fe) atom — similar to chlorophyll, which uses magnesium (Mg). |
| What does a left shift on the oxygen dissociation curve mean? | Hemoglobin holds oxygen more tightly (less O₂ is released to tissues). |
| What does a right shift on the oxygen dissociation curve mean? | Hemoglobin releases more oxygen — occurs when tissues have greater oxygen demand. |
| What is the mnemonic for factors that cause a right shift on the dissociation curve? | CADET, face right! — CO₂, Acid, 2,3-DPG, Exercise, Temperature. Reversing these factors causes a left shift. |
| How do fish achieve efficient respiration? | Through gills, which provide a large surface area. Countercurrent exchange — water and blood flow in opposite directions — maximizes diffusion of O₂ into the blood and CO₂ into the water. |
| What is countercurrent exchange? | A system where water outside the fish and blood inside the fish move past each other in opposite directions, maximizing the concentration gradient and therefore the diffusion of O₂ and CO₂. |
| What are the intercostal muscles? | Muscles located between the ribs that aid in breathing by helping expand and compress the chest cavity during inhalation and exhalation. |
Created by:
smurtab