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Drugs Digestive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cation | A positively charged ion. |
| duodenum | The first part of the small intestine, where much of digestion takes place. |
| enamel | The hard outer covering of teeth. |
| falciform ligament | A ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall. |
| gallbladder | A small organ that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. |
| haustra | Pouches in the wall of the colon. |
| hemochromatosis | A genetic disorder in which the body absorbs too much iron. |
| hepatopancreatic ampulla | The opening where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum. |
| ileocecal sphincter | The valve between the ileum and the cecum that controls the flow of digested material. |
| ileum | The last part of the small intestine. |
| intrinsic factor | A substance produced by the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. |
| jaundice | A yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by an excess of bilirubin in the blood. |
| jejunum | The middle part of the small intestine. |
| mesocolon | A fold of peritoneum that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall. |
| pepsin | An enzyme produced in the stomach that breaks down proteins. |
| pepsinogen | The inactive precursor of pepsin. |
| peristalsis | The rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that propel food through the digestive tract. |
| peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity. |
| pyloric sphincter | The valve between the stomach and the duodenum that controls the flow of chyme. |
| rugae | Folds in the lining of the stomach that allow it to expand. |
| toxemia | The presence of toxins in the blood. |
| uvula | The fleshy appendage that hangs down from the soft palate. |
| Cardia | surrounds the gastroesophageal sphincter |
| Fundus | above and to the left of the cardia; it is a rounded area |
| Body | below the fundus; it is the large central part of the stomach |
| Chief cells | which secrete the main gastric enzyme, pepsinogen |
| Parietal cells | which secrete hydrochloric acid, activating pepsinogen to form pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins; the parietal cells also produce a glycoprotein known as intrinsic factor, which is required for the body’s absorption of Vitamin B12 |
| Mucous cells | secrete mucus, protecting the stomach from digesting itself |
| Cecum | joins the small intestine via the ileocecal valve. The appendix is attached to the surface of the cecum |
| Colon | the longest section, made up of consecutive pouches (haustra); it is divided into the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon |
| Rectum | is about 7 to 8 inches (18 to 20 cm) in length |
| Anal canal | the final inch (2.5 cm) of the rectum; it opens to the exterior of the body via the anus, controlled by the internal sphincter (of smooth muscle) and the external sphincter (of skeletal muscle) |
| Pancreas | beneath the stomach and is soft and oblong. It is about 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick and 6 inches (15 cm) long. The pancreas is divided into a head, body, and tail (Figure 33-8). The pancreas is made up of the islets of Langerhans. |
| Liver | largest gland in the body, performing more than 500 functions, and its basic functional unit is the lobule. The liver produces bile to assist in digestion, metabolizes drugs, removes damaged blood cells from circulation, secretes glucose when needed |
| Gallbladder | located next to the liver. It is pear-shaped and is only about 3 to 4 inches (7.5 to 10 cm) in length. It acts as the storage place for bile, which it receives from the liver via the hepatic duct. |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus and past the lower esophageal sphincter, without associated vomiting. The condition commonly occurs in pregnant or obese patients, and it often occurs at night |
| Antacids | They neutralize stomach acid immediately but rebound acid secretion can occur with chronic use of antacids. |
| Antacids | aluminum hydroxide Amphojel, calcium carbonate Tums, magaldrate Riopan, magnesium Maalox, aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate Alka-Seltzer |
| Histamine Receptor Antagonists | These drugs may be preferred to other antiulcer agents because of their convenience of use and lack of effect on gastrointestinal motility; however, they do not work immediately as antacids do. |
| Histamine (H2) receptor antagonists | cimetidine Tagament, famotidine Pepcid, nizatidine Axid, ranitidiine Zantac |
| Proton Pump Inhibitors | This ATPase exchanges hydrogen ions for potassium ions. Thus, hydrogen is secreted by the parietal cell into the gastric lumen in exchange for potassium. Proton pump inhibitors should be taken before a morning meal |
| Proton Pump Inhibitors | dexlansoprazole Dexilant, esomeprazole Nexium, lansoprazole Prevacid, omeprazole Prilosec, omeprazole/sodium bicarbonate Zegerid, pantoprazole Protonix, rabeprazole AcipHex |
| Peptic Ulcers | Peptic ulcers are lesions in the mucosal membrane,can develop in the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. About 80% of all peptic ulcers are duodenal ulcers, affect the proximal part of the small intestine; occur commonly in men age 20 to 50 years. |
| Crohn's Disease | Crohn’s disease is a condition of the intestinal tract characterized by patches of inflammation that can progress to ulcers. Crohn’s disease is also known as regional enteritis, granulomatous colitis, ileitis, and ileocolitis. |
| Crohn's Disease drugs | sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®, generic), mesalamine (Asacol®), olsalazine (Depentum®), and balsalazide (Colazal®) |
| anticholinergics for Crohn's | dicyclomine (Bentyl) hyoscyamine (Levsin®), and propantheline (Pro-Banthine®). |
| Antibiotics for Crohn's | Metronidazole (generic), ampicillin (generic), and ciprofloxacin (generic) |
| TNF inhibitors for Crohn's | upadacitinib (Rinvoq®), tofacitinib (Xeljanz®), etrasimod (Velsipity®), and ozanimod (Zeposia®) |
| Biologics or biosimilar drugs are laboratory-grown antibodies for Crohn's | adalimumab (Cytelzo®), certolizumab pegol (Cimzia®), infliximab (Remicade®), natalizumab (Tysarbi®), risankizumab-rzaa (Skyrizi®), guselkumab (Tremfya®), ustekinumab (Stelara®), and vedolizumab (Entyvio®). |
| Ulcerative Colitis | inflammatory disease that affects the mucosa of the colon. It is of uncertain cause and is usually chronic, often prevalent within families. It produces edema and ulceration |
| Antidiarrheal Agents | attapulgite Donnagel, bismuth subsalicylate Pepto-Bismol, diphenoxylate with atropine Lomotil, furazolidone Furoxone, loperamide Imodium |
| laxatives | bisacodyl [Correctol®] and senna compounds [Senokot®], caster oil Emulsoil, bisacodyl Dulcolax |
| bulk-forming agents | methylcellulose (Citrucel®), polycarbophil (Mitrolan®), and psyllium seed (Metamucil®) |
| Saline and osmotic agents | polyethylene glycol 3350 [Miralax®, GoLYTEly®], magnesium/potassium/sodium sulfate [SuPrep®] magnesium citrate Citrate of Magnesia® lactulose Cephulac |
| stool softeners | docusate potassium (Dulcolax®), docusate sodium Colace, docusate calcium Surfak |
| Oral Lubricant Laxatives | mineral oil Kondremul, Agoral, Petrolagar |
| Opioid Antagonist | naloxegol Movantik® |
| Colorectal Cancer | extremely common malignancy that usually occurs due to a transformation of adenomatous polyps. Most (80%) of the cases are sporadic, with 20% related to genetics. Risk factors include chronic ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. |
| chemotherapy involves two to three drugs used in combination in cycles | 5-flurouracil (Adrucil® with oxaliplatin [Eloxatin® alone, FOLFOX® in combination]), camcetabine (Xeloda® alone or with oxaliplatin [Xekix® in combination]), irontecan (Camptosar®), and leucovorin (Wellcovorin®) or calcium folinate (Leucovorin calcium®) |
| Targeted antibody therapies | pertuzumab (Perjeta®), tucatinib (Tukysa®), trastuzumab (Herceptin®), and bevacizumab (Avastin®) |
| Pancreatitis | acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas. Activated pancreatic enzymes leaking from the acinar cells, which are specialized pancreatic cells that make and secrete digestive enzymes into the surrounding tissues, may cause acute pancreatitis. |
| pancreatitis drugs | acetaminophen (Tylenol) or prescription drugs such as meperidine hcl (Demerol®) and tramadol hcl (Ultram®). |
| Antibiotics pancreatitis drugs | ampicillin (Omnipen®), imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin iv®), and ceftriaxone sodium (Rocephin®) |
| Cholecystitis | defined as acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder. It is often linked to an obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone. Sometimes, however, it is caused by trauma, infection, or other damage to the gallbladder. |
| cholecystitis drugs Cholecystitis | piperacillin/tazobactam [Zosyn®], ampicillin/sulbactam [Unasyn®], or meropenem [Merrem®] mipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin®) |
| Antiemetics drugs Cholecystitis | oral/rectal promethazine (Phenergan®) or prochlorperazine (Compazine®). |
| Pain drugs for cholecystitis | meperidine (Demerol®) can be used, as can oxycodone/acetaminophen (Percocet®) or hydrocodone/acetaminophen (Vicodin®) which are oral. Intramuscular piroxicam (Feldene®) and diclofenac (Voltaren®) are available. Caerulein (Ceruletide®) |
| Viral Hepatitis | Viral hepatitis is a viral infection that produces inflammation of the liver, resulting in hepatic cell destruction and necrosis. It is the 10th leading cause of death among adults in the United States |
| Liver Cancer | linked to hepatitis B viral infection but may also be linked to cirrhosis, hereditary hemochromatosis, and exposure to aflatoxins, which are produced by molds that may contaminate corn, peanuts, soybeans, and other foods. |
| PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors | Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®) and nivolumab (Opdivo®) block PD-1 checkpoint proteins and atezolizumab (Tecentriq®) and durvalumab (Imfinzi®) block PD-L1 checkpoint proteins. |
| CTLA-4 inhibitors | ipilimumab (Yervoy®) and tremelimumab (Imjudo®) |
| Targeted therapy | sorafenib (Nexavar®), lenvatinib (Lenvima®), regorafenib (Stivarga®), cabozantinib (Cabometyx®), and bevacizumab (Avastin®), cetuximab (Erbitux®) |
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