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A&P 2
Respiratory system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| functions of respiratory system | exchange of gases, maintain pH, influences BP, maintain body temp |
| the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract disappears at _____ _____ and is replaced by thinner levels of ET | terminal bronchioles |
| surface of mucous membrane is _____ _____ ______, except in pharynx/larynx where it is _____ ______ | pseudostratified ciliated columnar, stratified squamous |
| cilia | sweep debris into pharynx where its swallowed (smoking destroys cilia) |
| nose and naval cavity supported by | bone and cartilage |
| true or false: from larynx to bronchioles hyaline cartilage provides support and flexibility | true (below terminal bronchioles is no cartilage) |
| true or false: smooth muscle alters diameter of respiratory tract and decreases as muscle becomes larger | true |
| which nerves supply respiratory system | - vagus: pleura, smooth + skeletal muscle associated with speech and swallowing - intercostal nerves: intercostal and abdominal muscles - phrenic nerve: diaphragm - sympathetic autonomic nerves dilate air passageways |
| nasal cavity contains superior, middle, inferior ____ | conchae |
| what does conchae do | warms and adds moisture to air |
| superior conchae has | olfactory epithelium |
| vibrissae | hairs that screen foreign particles from nasal cavity |
| where are paranasal sinuses | in bones adjacent to nasal cavity (ethmoid, frontal, sphenoid, maxilla) |
| what do paranasal sinuses do | lighten skull bones and act as resonance for chambers of speech |
| nasopharynx | - behind nasal cavity - pharyngeal tonsils - Eustachian tubes |
| what are pharyngeal tonsils known as if inflamed | adenoids |
| oropharynx | - between soft palate and hyoid bone - lined with stratified squamous - common passageway for food and air - has palatine and lingual tonsils |
| laryngopharynx | begins at hyoid bone, extends into both esophagus and larynx, lined with stratified squamous |
| larynx (voice box)functions | speech, keeping airway open, routing air down passageways (vs food) |
| true or false: larynx is supported by 9 cartilages | true - thyroid cartilage is largest (Adams apple) - epiglottis: made of elastic cartilage, keeps food from entering larynx |
| laryngitis | inflammation of the folds, results in swelling |
| trachea | - from C6-T5 vertebrae - mucosa, submucosa, adventitial layers - 16-20 hyaline supports with openings on dorsal side to monitor movement of food down esophagus - openings is smooth muscle (trachealis muscle) and elastic tissue |
| right primary bronchus | short, wide, vertical- easy for objects to get stuck, divides into 3 secondary bronchi to supply 3 lobes or right lung |
| left primary bronchus | branches into 2 secondary bronchi to supply 2 lobes |
| true or false: bronchi continue to branch and decrease size until they are bronchioles (1mm) | true- 23 levels of branching |
| alveoli | - functional units of lungs where gases are exchanged - microscopic sacs - simple squamous, known as type 1 cells |
| inside each alveolus: | - coated with surfactant produced by cuboid cells known as type 2 cells - reduce muscular effort required during inspiration - hypoxia and pulmonary edema can reduce surfactant |
| infant respiratory distress syndrome | caused by too little surfactant |
| each alveolus: | - surrounded by capillary bed - basement membrane of alveolar + capillary squamous cells fuse to form respiratory membrane: exchange barrier between blood and air |
| top of lung | apex |
| true or false: lung is concave at base, and bounded by diaphragm | true |
| left lung is smaller and has | cardial notch |
| medial surface of lung known as ___, where BVs/bronchi/etc. enter lung | root |
| lung is covered by | visceral pleura |
| visceral pleura adheres to lung, folds back and lines thoracic cavity as | parietal pleura |
| intrapleural space is _____ space | potential, serous fluid lets the 2 layers slide across each other |
| pleurisy | inflammation of pleura- accumulation of fluid |
| at rest intrapulmonary pressure is | 760 mmHg |
| at rest intrapleural pressure is | 756 mmHg |
| atmospheric pressure is | 760 mmHg |
| true or false: intrapleural pressure must be less that atmospheric pressure | true (low pressure around lungs keep it expanded) |
| true or false: if pressure in lungs becomes equal from air (pneumothorax) or blood, lung collapses (atelectasis) | true |
| normal inspiration | 1. diaphragm/external intercostals contract 2. increase size of thoracic cavity 3. decrease intrapleural pressure to 754 4. lungs expand 5. increase lung size 6. decrease intrapulmonary pressure below atmospheric (759) causing air to flow into lungs |
| normal expiration (passive) | 1 diaphragm/external intercostals relax 2. decrease size of thoracic cavity 3. increase intrapleural pressure to 756 4. causes lungs to shrink 5 decrease in lung size 6. increase intrapulmonary pressure above atmospheric (761) causing air to flow out |
| compliance | ease that lungs and thoracic wall can expand. greater compliance = easier to get air to lungs |
| forced inspiration | with intercostals and diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid muscles contract and elevate sternum. scalene muscles contract and elevate ribs. greater increase in size of thoracic cavity = greater intake of air |
| forced expiration | contraction of abdominal and internal intercostals |
| tidal volume | amount that normally moves in/out of lungs |
| expiratory reserve | amount that can still be exhaled after normal expiration |
| inspiratory reserve | amount that can still be inhaled after normal inspiration |
| residual volume | air left in lungs after exhaling all that can be voluntarily exhaled |
| dead air space volume | sum of all air in spaces in lungs where no gas exchange occurs (respiratory passageways) |
| total lung capacity | tidal volume + expiratory reserve + inspiratory reserve + residual volume |
| vital capacity | total air that can be voluntarily moved in/out of lungs. vital capacity = total lung capacity-residual volume |
| which 2 centers play role in breathing | medullary rhythmicity center (RMC) and pontine respiratory center (PRC) |
| true or false: MRC establishes basic breathing rhythm | true |
| what does MRC consist of | ventral respiratory group (VRG) and dorsal respiratory group (receives sensory input) |
| what does the ventral respiratory group contain | expiratory and inspiratory center- mutually inhibit each other |
| while inspiratory center is active | - sends inhibitory impulses to expiratory center - sends impulses on phrenic nerves to diaphragm and intercostal nerves to initiate contraction - result is inspiration for 2 sec, then switches to expiration |
| while expiration center is active | - inhibits inspiratory center for 3 sec - interval where diaphragm and external intercostals relax |
| true or false: PRC can modify activity of MRC and fine tune breathing rhythms. smooths transition between inspiration and expiration | true |
| Hering Breuer reflex | keeps lungs from over expanding, controls depth and rhythm of breathing |
| how does hering Breuer reflex work | - inflating lungs stimulate stretch receptors in pleura - impulses trave on vagus nerve to MO (VRG) - inhibits inspiratory center and stimulates expiratory center |
| factors that influence breathing rate | chemoreceptors, high body temp, movement, pain/stess/emotions, voluntary control of breathing |
| true or false: CO2 has strongest influence on respiration and directly influences amount of H | true |
| hypercapnia | high CO2 and high H = high respiratory rate |
| hypocapnia | low CO2 and low h = low respiratory rate |
| breath holding | can hold breath until pH lowers to certain level, then reflex takes over |
| hyperventilation | decreasing CO2 levels without increasing O2 = increase in pH. slower breathing follows |
| eupnea | normal breathing |
| apnea | absence of breathing |
| hyperpnea | increased rate and depth of breathing |
| tachypnea | excessive rapid and shallow breathing |
| bradypnea | slow breathing rate |
| external respiration | between alveoli and blood - O2 diffuses from alveoli --> blood - CO2 diffuses from blood entering lungs --> alveoli |
| internal respiration | between blood and tissue - O2 diffuses from blood --> tissue - CO2 diffuses from tissue --> blood |
| true or false: gases move from high partial pressure --> low partial pressure | true |
| 2 ways oxygen can be carried | - 98.5% enters RBCs, binds to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) - other 1.5% dissolves in plasma |
| oxygen capacity | max amount of O2 blood can carry, determined by amount of hemoglobin available |
| fully saturated hemoglobin | 4 O2 bound to it |
| factors that affect affinity between O2 and hemoglobin | 1. partial pressure oxygen - high partial pressure = hemoglobin fully saturated - low partial pressure = oxygen gets unloaded into tissue 2. carbon dioxide,, acid metabolites, higher temps decrease affinity |
| true or false: active tissues generateCO2 and H as waste and generate heat as byproduct | true |
| Bohr effect | change in protein component of hemoglobin causes decreasing affinity between iron and O2, resulting in O2 being released |
| 10% of CO2 gets transported by | dissolving in plasma |
| 20% of CO2 gets transported by | - binding to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2), which unbinds O2 (Bohr effect) |
| 70% of CO2 gets transported as bicarbonate (HCO3-) cellular respiration pathway | 1. CO2 + H2O = carbonic acid (H2CO3) = H + HCO3- - H attach to plasma proteins to buffer - HCO3- associated with Na to form sodium bicarbonate to buffer blood (NAHCO3) |
| 70% of CO2 gets transported as bicarbonate (HCO3-) diffused into RBC pathway | - CO2 + H2O = carbonic acid (H2CO3) via carbonic anhydrase - dissociates into H + HCO3- - H binds to hemoglobin, decreases affinity with O2 (Bohr effect) - HCO3 diffuses out of RBC, associated with Na - Cl from salt diffuses into RBC (chloride shift) |
| more CO2 = more H = | less pH (more acidic) |
| low CO2 - low H = | high pH (more alkaline) |
| hypoventilation | less CO2 exhaled = more H in blood = low pH |
| respiratory acidosis | too high Co2, pH < 7.35, raises HR and BP - hyperventilation (morphine/alcohol OD) - obstructed airways - diseases that reduce gas exchange (pneumonia/emphysema) |
| respiratory alkosis | too little CO2, pH > 7.45, lowers HR and BP - hyperventilation (anxiety) - high elevations - aspiring OD |
Created by:
katiew0