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med core finals (2)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| - bid | twice a day |
| - qid | four times a day |
| - hs | at bedtime |
| - prn | as needed |
| - ad lib | as desired |
| - Rx | prescription |
| - NKA | no known allergies |
| - NPO | nothing by mouth |
| - hx | history |
| Temp- Oral (Mouth) | - most common, convenient, comfortable |
| Temp- Rectal (Rectum) | - most accurate |
| Temp- Axillary (Armpit) - | less accurate |
| Temp- Aural (Ear) | - also called tympanic; fast & convenient but can be inaccurate |
| Temp- Temporal | - mostly accurate |
| - Diastolic BP | constant pressure on the walls of the arteries when left ventricle is at rest |
| - Tachycardia | a pulse rate faster than normal, >100 bpm at rest |
| - Bradycardia | a pulse rate slower than normal, <60 bpm at rest |
| - Normal adult pulse | 60-100bpm, for highly trained adults |
| - Normal adult respiration rate | 12-18 breaths per minute |
| - Average oxygen deprivation window for brain damage | 4-6 minutes |
| - Systole | the period when the contraction of the left ventricle exerts pressure on the walls of the arteries |
| - Fight or flight responses | - prepares body for action - stress hormones create ↑heart rate, dry mouth, muscle twitches |
| - HIPAA | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. It is a federal law that establishes national standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient's consent or knowledge |
| Correcting a medical record | You have the legal right to request corrections or amendments to errors, such as misspelled names or incorrect medical histories, in your medical records.: Providers must follow protocols for medical record copying |
| Acceptable Practice | Delivering care that meets the established standard. Involves strictly limiting the use, disclosure, and access of Protected Health Information.( Act within 30 days, charge reasonable fees, and expense for supplies and labor.) |
| - informed consent | permission granted by a person who is of sound mind, has been instructed on situation, & understands all the risks involved. must be documented (brochures or handouts are not acceptable). consent for procedures, a person can withdraw consent any time |
| written consent REQUIRED for | surgeries, certain diagnostic tests, experimental procedures, & treatments for minors |
| Who can give informed consent | sound adults |
| Who can’t give informed consent | <18 y/o in most states, exceptions include emancipated, seeking birth control, tx for infectious disease, tx for drug/alcohol problem, pregnant minor with injury/illness that could affect pregnancy, mentally incompetent, speakers of foreign language |
| implied consent | if an emergency medical condition (EMC) is identified on the exam, “implied consent” is given to treat the condition. But if no EMC is identified, then all non-urgent treatment should be delayed until parental consent is obtained |
| -Living Will | Provides instructions directly to healthcare providers involved in client’s medical treatment. May include |
| -Power of Attorney | Gives 1 person (designee) the authority to make a variety of legal decisions on behalf of another (grantor). May include |
| Neuron | Nerve cells. |
| Three types of nerve cells | Efferent- motor (multipolar). Afferent- sensory (bipolar). Interneurons- carry and process sensory info (unipolar.) |
| conduction of neurons | dendrites → cell body → axon → axon terminals |
| - Cerebellum | controls muscular coordination to maintain posture, balance, and muscle tone; "athletic brain” |
| - Cerebrum | responsible for thought, reasoning, memory, judgment, speech, and voluntary movement (conscious decision making) |
| Cerebrum is | divided into R & L hemispheres by the corpus callosum, largest area of brain, four lobes → frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, cerebral cortex - outer portion |
| Sympathetic division | part of autonomic nervous system (ANS) that prepares the body for action“flight or fight” response, stress hormones create ↑heart rate, dry mouth, muscle twitches |
| cellular respiration | the metabolic process by which cells break down food molecules (like glucose) and use oxygen to produce usable energy in the form of ATP, along with carbon dioxide and water as waste products |
| - Homeostasis | the body’s natural process of regulating and maintaining a stable, balanced internal environment, despite changing external conditions, regulated by hypothalamus, ANS, and receptors & effectors, functions through negative feedback loops |
| - Pulse sites | Radial, Brachial, Carotid, Temporal, Femoral, Popliteal, Dorsalis Pedis, Posterior Tibial |
| - PPE for contact precautions | standard precautions of CDC. requires a gown and gloves for all interactions involving the patient or their environment. This critical gear prevents the spread of infections transmitted through direct or indirect contact |
| Seizure response | 1. do not panic 2. turn patient on side and start timing seizure 3. stay with patient, do not restrain 4. place something soft under head 5. do NOT put anything in mouth 6. call 911 if seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes |
| AED | Automatic external defibrillators---pads are electrodes, which currents travel through to shock the heart. |
| CPR | 30 reps, two rescue breaths. 30:2 ratio. |
| Antiseptics | solutions applied directly to the skin to prevent or slow the growth of pathogens (not useful against all microorganisms). Ex- hand sanitizer, alcohol, betadine, hibiclens, chlorhexidine gluconate |
| - Disinfection | use of strong chemicals to kill many pathogens, mainly on objects (not used on skin b/c may lead to irritation & trauma) Ex- clorox wipes, bleach solution (diluted), zephirin |
| Medical asepsis | “cleaning techniques” to reduce # of disease-causing microorganisms. Ex- hand-washing, waterless hand cleansers, PPE, routine cleaning |
| - Sterilization | any process that eliminates, removes, or kills all forms of microbial life—including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores—from a surface, object, or fluid |
| - Nervous tissue | conducting electrical impulses, communication, regulating body functions |
| Muscle tissue | movement, posture, heat production |
| Epithelial tissue | protection, absorption, secretion, filtration, sensation |
| Connective tissue | support, protection, transport, storage, insulation |
| - Smooth muscle | controlled by CNS; involuntary control |
| Skeletal muscle | aids in movement (voluntary); “striated muscle” due to striations or bands running in it |
| breathing in | diaphragm- contracts & flattens downward. external intercostal muscles-contract to raise ribs |
| breathing out | diaphragm- relaxes and rounds, ribs lower and air rushes out, abdominal muscles- compress the abdomen, pushing the diaphragm up and forcing air out, internal intercostal muscles- draw ribs downward and inward |
| Mechanical digestion | physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion (physical movement via chewing, stomach churning, small intestine segmentation, & peristalsis) |
| Chemical digestion | to further degrade the molecular structure of the ingested compounds by digestive enzymes into a form that is absorbable into the bloodstream. |
| - –otomy | to cut into or make a surgical incision |
| - –ic | pertaining to |
| - –osis | a condition, disease, state, or process |
| - –centesis | surgical puncture to aspirate (remove) fluid from a body cavity |
| - dys- | bad, difficult, painful, or abnormal |
| -gast | the stomach |
| -itis | inflammation |
Created by:
sb4