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Concepts of Nursing
Chapter 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| *Absorption is nutrients that move from the | digestive tract to the blood stream and body cells |
| *Anabolism builds larger molecules from the smaller ones and | builds muscle tissue |
| *Body mass index (BMI) a measurement formula consisting of | height and weight (calculating if normal weight, over weight, underweight, or obese) |
| *Catabolism breaks down food for energy, also known as | the breakdown phase of metabolism (when complex substances are broken down into smaller substances releasing energy) |
| *Digestion is | the break down of food to be absorbed and used by the body |
| *Essential amino acids are made | by food not the body |
| *Incomplete proteins that come from plant sources and lack | one or more essential amino acid (seeds, beans, nuts, wheat, corn, wheat, brown rice) |
| *Nitrogen balance is when levels are equal such as | the amount of nitrogen ingested, nitrogen used, and excesses removed from the body by the kidneys |
| *Nonessential amino acids are made | by the liver (not needed by diet) |
| *Simple carbohydrates are made of one to two | sugar molecules, digested quickly, and provide rapid energy (table sugar, candy, fruit juice) |
| *Complete proteins contain all | 9 essential amino acids in adequate amounts (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, soy) |
| *Complex carbohydrates are made of many sugar molecules that | digest slowly and provide sustained energy (whole grains, beans, veggies) |
| *Energy is the product of | metabolism |
| The 6 essential nutrients are | Proteins, Carbohydrates, Vitamins, Water, Minerals, Fats |
| 2 types of metabolism are | Catabolism (down) break down and release energy Anabolism (up) Build and simply uses energy |
| Digestion Path is | mouth (salivary), to stomach (HCI, Pepsin), to small intestine (small absorption via villi), to large intestine (water & electrolytes), to rectum (poop) |
| Protein= 4K Calories Functions are | new tissue, form antibolic/enzymes/hormones, heat & energy, maintain fluid and acid-based balance |
| Fats= 9k Calories "Mo, P, S, T" | Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated, Saturated, Trans fats |
| Monounsaturated (good) lowers | LDL, melts at room temp (olive, canola, peanut oil) |
| Polyunsaturated (good) lowers | type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease; has 2 fats: omega 3 & 6 found in fatty fish, walnuts, flaxseed, corn oil |
| Saturated (raises) blood | cholesterol; found in meat, whole milk, cheese, coconut and palm oils |
| Trans fats (raises) cholesterol and are vegetable oils partially hydrogenated found in | fast food and processed foods |
| LDL carries chloresterol to | cells |
| HDL (good) takes excess | cholesterol and helps maintain balance |
| *Kwashiorkor | severe protein deficiency |
| *LDL stands for low-density lipoprotein commonly known as bad cholesterol because | it transports the cholesterol to the cells from the liver (too much is a bad thing) |
| *HDL stands for high density lipoprotein and is known as good cholesterol because | it's responsible for taking the excess cholesterol back to the liver from the cells helping to maintain proper balance |
| *Carb Fiber = 4K Calories and comes from | bread and rice |
| *4 simple sugars | Glucose (primary energy), Fructose (fruit/sweetest),Sucrose (table),Lactose (milk, least sweetest) |
| *Simple sugar traits consists of | 1-2 sugars, fast absorption, blood sugar spike, insulin surge, hunger, weight gain,(candy, soda, white bread, syrups, juices) |
| *Complex sugar traits consists of | 3+ sugar chain, slow absorption, stable blood sugar, feel full (whole grains, beans, brown rice, oatmeal, potatoes, broccoli, peas, fruit, pasta) |
| *6 major minerals are | Calcium, Chloride Potassium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Magnesium, |
| Water functions consists of | maintaining body temp, transports minerals, cushions the brain and spinal cord, lubricates joints, carries toxins and secretes waste, moisturizes and lubricates the GI tract (acids in food passage) |
| *Water soluble vitamins are | B and C dissolved in water (Vit. C is ascorbic acids) |
| *Fat soluble vitamins are | D, E, A, K stored in body fat (can overdose if too much) |
| *BMI > 30 is considered to be | obese |
| *BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be | over weight |
| *BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 is considered to be | normal |
| *BMI < 18.5 is considered to be | underweight |
| Antioxidants are vitamins | A, C, and E that protect cell damage caused by free radicals |
| Type 1 diabetes is not having enough | carbohydrates to body fats |
| *2 types of Fibers are | Soluble Fibers and Insoluble Fibers |
| *Soluble fibers | attract water, become solid gels, and feel fuller longer |
| *Insoluble fibers are | not digested, bulk laxative, drowns |
| Proteins (3) amino acid types are | nonessential: are made by the liver (not needed by diet) conditional: needed only during illness/stress essential: most important and must be obtained by food |
| Hemochromatosis is a disease where the person | absorbs and accumulates excessive iron storage |
| Wilson disease causes the body to | absorbs excess amount of copper from the intestine that accumulates in the brain, liver, and kidneys |
| *Metabolism is the chemical and physical process in which | the body cells break down and use food, water, and other chemicals needed to maintain life and the functions of each body system |
| *Positive Nitrogen Balance examples are | growth, pregnancy, healing |
| *Negative Nitrogen Balance examples are | illness, starvation, tissue breakdown |
| *The best indicator of fluid gained or loss is | A daily weight |
| *Two types of nutrients are | Macronutrients and Micronutrients |
| *Micronutrients consists of vitamins and minerals in | which are smaller amounts called Trace minerals |
| *Macronutrients consists of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and water and require | larger amounts of nutrients |
| *A protein product | Soy |
| *Essential nutrients and Nonessential nutrients make a | complete protein |
| *Two Incomplete proteins make a Complete protein | True (red beans and brown rice, peanut butter and whole wheat, brown beans and cornbread) |
| *Fats and Lipids have 9k calories | True |
| *Cholesterol builds up in arteries forming | plaque |
| *If plaque breaks loose it travels to the heart then to the brain and causes | a heart attack or stroke |
| *Triglycerides equals | 3 fatty acids |
| *LDL, HDL, and Triglycerides equals | total cholesterol (lab values) |
| *If LDL is high you want more | monounsaturated fat |
| * Saturated fat that contains hydrogen is called | Trans fat |
| *15 minutes of vitamin D (sun exposure) is a | function of fats |
| *-ose | Simple sugar |
| *Diabetics usually bottom out in the middle of the night so they need | a snack before bedtime |
| *No K calories from minerals | True |
| *Fiber is not absorbed or digested by the body | True |
| *Diabetics need a lot of fiber to | maintain glucose levels |
| *Flatus means to | pass gas |
| *Normal flora of the intestines helps by | producing Vit K |
| *Patients on the medication Coumadin can not | use Vit K |
| *Protamine Sulphate is considered an | antidote to Heparin (used to reverse the effects of Heparin blood thinner) |
| Excessive protein play a role in kidney disease | True |
| Type I "Juvenile" kind of born with it and | have to take insulin ((DKA mainly seen in Type I patients) |
| Type II "Adult" happen @ 40yr of age and | do not have to take insulin but can change diet /lifestyle choices |
| *Vit K is crucial to | cardiac function |
| *People on Coumadin should not eat | green leafy veg because the Vit K will cause an interaction |
| What process build tissue and muscle? | Anabolism |
| What process breaks down food to release energy/ | Catabolism |
| Which protein contains all essential amino acids? | Complete Protein |
| Which amino acids are obtained from food? | Essential Amino Acids |
| Which carbohydrates provide long lasting energy? | Complex Carbohydrates |
| Which carbohydrates raise blood glucose levels quickly? | Simple Carbohydrates |
Created by:
Daarina Jones