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Concepts of Nursing
Chapter 19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| *Acute Pain stimulating from the PNS lasting | less than 6 months ands happens suddenly (fight or flight response) rocking face expression symptoms |
| *Adjuvant means to assist or aid | used with primary treatment (medication/non medication) that can enhance relief effectiveness of pain ex. music, massage, acupuncture, acupressure, guided imagery |
| *Chronic Pain lasts | greater > 3 months (can cause depression and low self esteem) |
| Circadian Rhythm | 24 hour cyclical pattern (the body's "time clock ") regulates sleep, wakefulness, hormone release |
| *Cutaneous Pain is pain | that originates from superficial, skins surface, or underlying subcutaneous tissue (ex. paper cut or mild burn) |
| *Deep Somatic Pain is known as *osteogenic pain which is | deep pain in the bone, ligament, muscles, and blood vessel (*bone cancer, fractures, and arthritic diseases: pain with movement) |
| *Effleurage is the repetitive | gentle gliding stroking of your fingertips over the surface of the skin. (ex. massage) |
| *Endorphins are natural body chemicals produced by the brain in response to | pleasant thoughts or feelings, exercise, laughter, sex, and massage (body's natural pain killer) |
| *Holistic is considering a patient as person in understanding their | beliefs, emotions, and not only concentrating on their symptoms or illness |
| *Intractable Pain refers to | pain that cannot be relieved, is incurable, or is resistant to treatment |
| *Neuropathic Pain is a result of | destruction of peripheral nerves or central nervous system (chronic disease such as Diabetes, Aids, and Vit B deficiency) |
| *Nociceptors are randomly dispersed throughout the | skin, subcutaneous, and muscular tissue (stimulates from nerve receptors) |
| *When a patient can administer the dose of an opioid by pressing a button on a preset pump this is called | Patient-Controlled Analgesia |
| *Phantom Limb Pain is a type of neuropathic pain that feels as though | pain is coming the extremity that has been amputated |
| Prostaglandins are hormone that act in the immediate area to initiate.. | inflammation and increases pain |
| *Radiating Pain is pain that begins... | at a specific site and shoots out or extends to a larger area beyond the site of origin. |
| *Referred Pain is pain felt.. | in an area other than where it was produced |
| *Restorative Sleep allows an individual to | awake feeling rested, refreshed, rejuvenated, and restored with energy |
| Substance P is localized tissue reactions similar to | inflammation (carries pain signals) |
| *Visceral Pain known as soft tissue pain is stimulation of | deep internal pain receptor from internal organs (traumatic injury or surgery) an ache or cramping type pain and can be intermittent or continuous |
| *Pain serves as | a warning sign indicating actual damage has occurred or that can potentially exists for damage of tissue |
| *Holistically means | viewing the physical, mental, social, and spiritual aspects of a person as parts of the integrated whole being |
| Gate Control Theory purports that the transmission of pain impulses | to the central nervous system is controlled by a "gate" that opens and closes in response to sensory input |
| Stimulation of broad nerve fibers is thought to close the gate then | stimulation of narrow nerve fibers is thought to open the gate |
| *Nociceptive pain results from | surgery and injury; stimulates from nerve pain receptors called nociceptors |
| *Neuropathic pain can extend | beyond the local region to a broadening area of discomfort following damaged nerve endings (burning, stabbing, deep ache described as nerve compression due to pressure from tumors, lymphedema or compression fractures of the spine) |
| *Nociceptive pain is broken down in 3 different types of pain such as | cutaneous pain, visceral pain, deep somatic pain |
| Chemicals that stimulate pain recepetors are | Substance P and Prostaglandins |
| Nerve pain receptors can be stimulated by | temperature changes, tissue damage, and certain chemicals |
| *NSAID help block the production of | prostaglandins; are useful in relieving cutaneous , visceral, and deep somatic pain |
| *Ibuprofen and Aspirin are examples of | NSAID |
| *A Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) unit is a | battery powered device that you apply to the skin over a painful area (delivers electrical stimulation to the nerve fibers by closing the gate stimulating production of endorphins) |
| *Acupressure is applying | fingertip pressure (endorphin production) |
| *Acupuncture is inserting | ultrafine needles into specific body areas (endorphin production) |
| *Progressive relaxation is a systematic process using | the mind to actually relax the patients muscles from the top of the head to the toes |
| *Guided imagery is another method of using the mind to help | control the body and guide the patient toward a more relaxed state |
| *Two sleep cycles are | non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) |
| *Stage III NREM is considered | the most deepest and most restful sleep cycle |
| *REM occurs often at the end of each | NREM cycle; occurs 90 min after sleep begins; brain is very active and vivid dreams can occur |
| *Stage I of NREM is where | relaxation begins, the lightest sleep occurs, easy arousal, and if wakened feels as if daydreaming |
| *Stage II of NREM is when | relaxation deepens as metabolism continues to slow, sound sleep occurs; arousal is still easy |
| *Stage III of NREM is when | deep sleep begins as muscles are completely relaxed (parasympathetic nervous system slows vitals down body becomes immobile) difficult to arouse; if sleep deprived, more time is spent here (the body rests and is restored during deep sleep) |
| *Constant positive airway pressure (CPAP) device is used for | those who suffer from chronic sleep apnea |
| *Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) device is used for | pressurized air to open up the airways and keep the throat from closing during sleep |
| *Bruxism is | grinding teeth in sleep |
| *Insomnia is | chronic inability to fall asleep or stay asleep |
| *Narcolepsy is | a condition causing uncontrollable daytime sleepiness episodes |
| Night terrors are | nightmares in children that cause awakening and fear |
| *Restless leg syndrome is | an intolerable crawling sensation in the legs that cause urges to move legs |
| *Sleep apnea is | the inability to maintain breathing while asleep; patient snores with periods of apnea lasting 10 seconds to 2 minutes (can be life threatening) |
| Somnambulism is | sleepwalking |
| *Sundowning is | confusing and disorientation in older adults occurring in evening hours (patient is at higher risk for injury) |
| *A loading dose (bolus) is | a large dose that provides an optimum blood level to get the pain under control |
| Broader nerve fibers are stimulated by | exercise, heat, cold, massage, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) |
| What is the Gate Control Theory? | A theory that helps to explain the transmission and perception of pain and how even nonpharmaceutical interventions can relieve pain |
| *Intermittent pain | pain that comes and goes |
| *The fight or flight (acute pain) response is the | body going into shut down mode (adrenaline rush) |
| *Relaxation | a quiet and calm environment for the body to rest |
| *Distraction | taking the patients mind off a procedure being performed |
| *Aspirin has antiplatelet effects to reduce | the risk of blood clotting in patients who might be prone to heart attacks |
| *Common example for Opioids to treat pain are | Tylenol #3, Hydromorphone (Dilaudid), Hydrocodone (Norco), Oxycodone (Percocet), Morphine (MS Cotin) and Fentanyl (Duragesic) |
| *Controlled substances is | a chemical substance or drug that can become addicting or abuse dependent |
| *Intractable pain is | a pain that is non curable and can not be relieved (resistant to tr |
| *When assessing pain on a patient you must know.. | the level of pain, location, description, duration, what brought it on, and patients desire of medication treatment |
| *What therapy can help prevent trauma and reduce swelling in acute trauma or injury pain? | Cold Therapy |
| *Muscle spams and chronic pain treatment a use what therapy? | Heat Therapy |
| *Four types of distractions when performing a procedure on a patient are? | Visual, Audible, Tactile, and Intellectual |
| Stoicism is | Controlling your emotions |
| *Medication used to relieve pain without losing consciousness is | Analgesic |
| *Nonpharmaceutical methods | Hot/Cold Pack, Massage/Effleurage, TENS, Acupressure/Acupuncture, Relaxation, Guided Imagery, Distraction (Visual, Audible, Tactile, Intellectual) |
| *Pharmaceutical Methods | NSAID, Nonopioids, Opioids, Adjuvant drugs (can be used with nonpharmaceutical) |
| *Most over the counter pain relieving medication is | Tylenol |
| *A loading dose (Bolus) is a large starter dose given once to rapidly reach therapeutic level | True |
Created by:
Daarina Jones