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History Final
| event | Description |
|---|---|
| Natural Rights | Enlightenment idea from John Locke that all people are born with rights that cannot be taken away by government. Influenced Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence. Includes life, liberty, and property/pursuit of happiness. |
| Sectionalism | Loyalty to one's region over the nation. Grew between North and South over slavery, tariffs, states' rights, and economics. Major cause of the Civil War. Associated with John C. Calhoun and debates over federal authority. |
| Westward Expansion | 1800s movement of Americans westward driven by Manifest Destiny. Included the Oregon Trail, Texas annexation, and California Gold Rush. Increased conflict with Native Americans and intensified debates over slavery in new territories. |
| Mexican Cession/Mexican-American War | 1846–1848 war under President James K. Polk. Ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. U.S. gained California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of several states. Reopened the slavery expansion debate. |
| Popular Sovereignty | Idea promoted by Stephen Douglas that settlers should vote on whether slavery would be allowed in a territory. Used in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Led to Bleeding Kansas and increased sectional conflict before the Civil War. |
| Abolitionists | People who sought the immediate end of slavery. Included Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, William Lloyd Garrison, and Sojourner Truth. Used speeches, newspapers, and the Underground Railroad to fight slavery. |
| Dred Scott v. Sandford | 1857 Supreme Court case. Ruled African Americans were not citizens and Congress could not ban slavery in territories. Written by Chief Justice Roger Taney. Outraged Northerners and pushed the nation closer to civil war. |
| Progressivism | Reform movement from the 1890s–1920s seeking to solve problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption. Supported trust-busting, labor protections, consumer safety laws, and more direct democracy. |
| Theodore Roosevelt | 26th President (1901–1909). Progressive known for trust-busting, conservation, national parks, the Square Deal, and the Panama Canal. Believed government should regulate big business and protect the public interest. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. Freed enslaved people in Confederate territory and changed the Civil War into a fight against slavery. Allowed African Americans to join the Union Army. |
| Battle of Gettysburg | July 1–3, 1863 battle in Pennsylvania. Union victory under George Meade defeated Robert E. Lee's invasion of the North. Turning point of the Civil War. Over 50,000 casualties made it the bloodiest battle of the war. |
| Jim Crow | Segregation laws in the South from the late 1800s to the 1960s. Enforced racial separation through poll taxes, literacy tests, and discrimination. Supported by the Plessy v. Ferguson decision. |
| Gilded Age Capitalism | Period from the 1870s–1900 marked by industrial growth, monopolies, and enormous wealth. Associated with Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Morgan. Also saw labor unrest, poor working conditions, and income inequality. |
| Karl Marx | German philosopher (1818–1883) who co-authored The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels. Believed history was driven by class struggle and that workers would eventually overthrow capitalism and establish communism. |
| Populism | Political movement of the 1890s representing farmers and laborers. Favored free silver, railroad regulation, direct election of senators, and banking reform. William Jennings Bryan became its most famous spokesman. |
| Wilsonian Foreign Policy | Woodrow Wilson's belief that the U.S. should promote democracy, self-determination, and collective security. Reflected in the Fourteen Points and support for the League of Nations after World War I. |
| Temperance Movement | Reform movement seeking to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption. Supported by groups such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union. Led directly to the 18th Amendment and Prohibition. |
| Women's Suffrage Movement | Movement fighting for women's right to vote. Led by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and others. Began at Seneca Falls in 1848 and succeeded with the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920. |
| Franklin Delano Roosevelt | 32nd President (1933–1945). Led America through the Great Depression and most of World War II. Created the New Deal, expanded federal government programs, and remains the only president elected four times. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld segregation under the doctrine of 'separate but equal.' Legalized Jim Crow laws throughout the South and remained law until challenged by Brown v. Board. |
| Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 Supreme Court case declaring segregated public schools unconstitutional. Led by Thurgood Marshall. Overturned Plessy in education and became a major victory for the Civil Rights Movement. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Landmark federal law signed by Lyndon B. Johnson banning discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Prohibited segregation in public facilities and strengthened voting rights. |
| Marshall Plan | 1948 U.S. program providing over $13 billion to rebuild Western Europe after World War II. Proposed by George Marshall. Helped economic recovery and limited the spread of communism during the Cold War. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | October 1962 confrontation after Soviet nuclear missiles were discovered in Cuba. Involved JFK, Khrushchev, and Castro. Considered the closest point the Cold War came to nuclear war. |
| Containment | Cold War strategy developed by George Kennan to prevent the spread of communism. Guided U.S. foreign policy in Europe, Korea, Vietnam, and elsewhere. Central goal of American Cold War actions. |
| Domino Theory | Belief that if one nation fell to communism, neighboring countries would follow. Popularized by Eisenhower and used to justify U.S. intervention in Southeast Asia, especially Vietnam. |
| Détente | Period of reduced Cold War tensions during the 1970s. Associated with Nixon and Brezhnev. Included diplomatic cooperation and arms-control agreements such as SALT I to reduce nuclear competition. |
| Ronald Reagan | 40th President (1981–1989). Advocated Reaganomics, tax cuts, military buildup, and a tough stance against the Soviet Union. Worked with Mikhail Gorbachev as the Cold War approached its end. |
| Constitution | Supreme law of the United States, written in 1787 and ratified in 1788. Established federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, and a stronger national government than the Articles of Confederation. |
| Federalism | Constitutional system dividing power between national and state governments. Allows each level of government to exercise authority while preventing excessive concentration of power. |
| Separation of Powers | Principle dividing government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Designed by the Founders to prevent tyranny by ensuring no single branch could dominate the government. |
| Checks and Balances | System allowing each branch of government to limit the powers of the others. Examples include presidential vetoes, congressional impeachment, and judicial review. |
| Judicial Review | Power of courts to declare laws or government actions unconstitutional. Established by Marbury v. Madison in 1803. Gives the Supreme Court a major role in interpreting the Constitution. |
| Bill of Rights | First ten amendments to the Constitution ratified in 1791. Protect individual liberties including speech, religion, due process, jury trials, and protection from government abuse. |
| Reconstruction | 1865–1877 period after the Civil War focused on rebuilding the South and integrating formerly enslaved people into society. Produced the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments but ultimately failed to secure lasting equality. |
| Civil War Causes | Slavery was the central cause, but sectionalism, states' rights, westward expansion, the Dred Scott decision, Lincoln's election, Southern secession, and the attack on Fort Sumter all contributed. |
Created by:
C Dilly