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Biological Div 1-2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the taxa? | The different categories that the classification of an organism can be broken down into |
| What are the taxonomic rank levels from most general to most specific? | Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species |
| How are humans classified by genus and species? | Homo (genus) sapiens (species) |
| What are obligate aerobes? | Organisms that need O₂ to survive |
| What are obligate anaerobes? | Organisms that cannot survive in the presence of O₂ |
| What are facultative anaerobes? | Organisms that grow in the presence of O₂ but can utilize anaerobic metabolism when O₂ is absent; make up the majority of mammalian microorganisms found inside mammals |
| What is the microbiome? | A collection of microorganisms like bacteria and fungi in/on our bodies (e.g., good and bad bacteria in the digestive tract) |
| What infections can bad bacteria in the body cause? | Gonorrhea, tuberculosis, leprosy, and pneumonia |
| What do good bacteria in the body do? | Help synthesize vitamins and enhance metabolism |
| What is a consequence of extended use of antibiotics? | Vitamin deficiency, due to depletion of the vitamin-metabolizing bacteria |
| What color do gram positive bacteria stain? | Purple |
| What are the structural features of gram positive bacteria? | Thick peptidoglycan layer in cell wall, no outer membrane, does not produce endotoxins, teichoic acids maintain cell wall integrity |
| What color do gram negative bacteria stain? | Pink |
| What are the structural features of gram negative bacteria? | Thin peptidoglycan layer in cell wall, contains an outer membrane, produces endotoxins when broken down |
| Why do gram negative bacteria produce endotoxins, and what is the role of LPS? | Due to the presence of LPS (lipopolysaccharides) in the gram-negative bacterial membrane — enhances integrity and protects the membrane from chemical attack |
| What are endospores? | Durable structures produced by some bacteria that help the bacterium survive in extreme environmental conditions, Bacillus and Clostridium |
| What were the first types of living organisms to appear on Earth? | Anaerobic prokaryotes |
| What were the earliest autotrophic cells, and what made them unique? | Anaerobic photosynthesizers — anaerobic but capable of photosynthesis (e.g., cyanobacteria) |
| What are heterotrophs? | Consumers of organic substances/food produced from autotrophs |
| What are autotrophs? | Producers of organic substances/food |
| What are chemoheterotrophs? | Use organic compounds as a source of energy; obtain carbon for metabolism through consuming organic materials |
| What are chemoautotrophs? | Use inorganic chemicals (H₂S, NH₃) in reactions for energy; convert chemicals into biomass |
| What are photoheterotrophs? | Use light for energy; obtain carbon for metabolism through consuming organic materials |
| What are photoautotrophs? | Use light for energy; make organic substances/carbohydrates via photosynthesis; obtain carbon through inorganic sources (CO₂, HCO₃⁻); e.g., bacteria found at the top of a pond |
| What are decomposers? | Consume the remains of organisms and non-living organic material |
| What domain is eukaryotic, and which are prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic: Eukarya — Prokaryotic: Archaea and Bacteria |
| How does the genome differ between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? | Eukaryotes: multiple long linear chromosomes, DNA in nucleus — Prokaryotes (both Archaea and Bacteria): single, short, circular DNA in nucleoid region, may contain extrachromosomal DNA (plasmids) |
| Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes? | Eukaryotes: nucleus — Prokaryotes: cytoplasm (simultaneous with translation) |
| Where does translation occur across all domains? | Cytoplasm in all three domains |
| Which domains have histones? | Eukarya and Archaea — Bacteria do not |
| Which domains have introns? | Eukarya and Archaea — Bacteria do not |
| What is the cell wall composition for plants, fungi, archaea, and bacteria? | Plants: cellulose — Fungi: chitin — Archaea: pseudomurein — Bacteria: peptidoglycan |
| Which domains have membrane-bound organelles? | Only Eukarya — both Archaea and Bacteria do not |
| Which domains have ribosomes? | All three — Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria |
| What are protists? | A taxonomic group consisting of eukaryotic organisms |
| What are the general characteristics of protists? | Most are unicellular; can be autotrophs or heterotrophs; can form symbiotic relationships or be free-living; reproduce asexually; found generally in moist environments |
| What are the 3 categories of protists? | 1. Plant-like 2. Fungus-like 3. Animal-like |
| What are plant-like protists? | Photosynthetic autotrophs found in water; contain chloroplasts; use photosynthesis as their food source (e.g., red algae, euglenoids) |
| What are fungus-like protists referred to as? | "Slime molds" or "water molds" — not the same as fungi molds |
| How do fungus-like protists reproduce? | Via spores, similar to Kingdom Fungi |
| How do fungus-like protists differ from true fungi? | They do not contain chitin |
| What is the feeding strategy of fungus-like protists? | Heterotrophic — includes decomposers and saprobes that feed on non-living organic matter |
| What are animal-like protists (Protozoa)? | Single-celled, heterotrophic protists categorized based on motility; referred to as animal-like because they are capable of movement; have cilia or flagella (e.g., amoebas, ciliates) |
| What can some animal-like protists do for feeding? | Engulf and feed on algae, fungi, and bacteria via phagocytosis |
| What is an amoeba? | An example of an animal-like protist (Protozoa) that uses pseudopodia for movement and consists mainly of cytoplasm |
| What are pseudopodia? | Temporary arm-like projections that emerge towards the direction of movement in amoebas |
| What are the basic structural characteristics of fungi? | Uni- or multicellular; cell walls contain chitin |
| What is a sporangium? | A multicellular organ where meiosis occurs and haploid cells (spores) are formed |
| What are rhizoids? | Small branching hyphae that anchor structures to the ground |
| How do rhizoids differ from roots? | Unlike roots, they are not composed of tissues and lack specialized conducting cells |
| What is mycelium? | A network of fungi filaments (hyphae) that connect fungi together |
| What are the functions of mycelium? | Secretes enzymes that break down organic matter; releases nutrients for absorption by hyphae; allows fungi to be effective decomposers |
| What are all fungi classified as in terms of nutrition? | Heterotrophic saprophytes |
| What are hyphae? | Filamentous branches produced by multicellular fungi as they grow |
| What are septate hyphae? | Hyphae that have septa — cell walls that separate the hyphae |
| What are coenocytic hyphae? | Hyphae with no division (no cytokinesis during cell division); multinucleated |
| What are non-filamentous fungi? | Unicellular fungi; includes yeasts; reproduce asexually by budding via mitosis — replicate genetic material and pinch off a portion of cytoplasm and cell membrane to form a new cell |
| What are filamentous fungi? | Multicellular fungi; includes molds and mushrooms; reproduce sexually or asexually; mushrooms grow outward from mycelium |
| How do fungi reproduce? | Can reproduce sexually, asexually, or both; haploid for most of their life cycle |
| What is plasmogamy? | The fusion of cytoplasm during sexual reproduction in fungi |
| What is karyogamy? | The fusion of nuclei during sexual reproduction in fungi |
| What is the heterokaryotic stage? | The stage in fungal sexual reproduction between plasmogamy and karyogamy, where the cell contains two genetically distinct nuclei (one haploid from each parent) before they fuse |
| What is the sequence of fungal sexual reproduction? | Mycelium → plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) → heterokaryotic stage → karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) → zygote → meiosis → spores → germination → mycelium |
| What is the sequence of fungal asexual reproduction? | Mycelium → spores-producing structures → spores → germination → mycelium |
Created by:
smurtab