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Bio Ecology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microclimate | Climate patterns on a very fine scale, such as the specific climatic conditions underneath a log. |
| Climographs | show that temps and precipitation are correlated with biomes |
| biomes | Any of the world’s major ecosystem types, often classified according to the predominant vegetation for terrestrial biomes and the physical environment for aquatic biomes and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment. |
| thermocline | separates more uniformly warm upper layer with more uniformly cold deep water layers |
| turnover | mixing water in spring and fall that sends deep nutrient rich water to the surface and shallow oxygen rich water to deeper layers |
| Which of the following areas of study focuses on the exchange of energy, organisms, and materials between ecosystems? | landscape ecology |
| Which lake zone would be absent in a very shallow lake? | aphotic zone |
| Which of the following is characteristic of most terrestrial biomes? | vegetation demonstrating vertical layering |
| The oceans affect the biosphere by | removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. |
| Which statement about dispersal is true? | Colonization of devastated areas after floods or volcanic eruptions depends on dispersal. |
| When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes | in biomes at different latitudes. |
| Suppose that the number of bird species is determined mainly by the number of vertical strata found in the environment. If so, in which of the following biomes would you find the greatest number of bird species? | tropical rain forest |
| WHAT IF? If the direction of Earth’s rotation reversed, the most predictable effect would be | winds blowing from west to east along the equator. |
| pop density | -number of individuals per unit area or volume -reflects interplay of births, deaths, immigration, emigration. |
| Life tables | summary of the age-specific survival and reproductive rates of individuals in a population. |
| survivorship curves | plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality. |
| demography | study of changes over time in the vital statistics of populations, especially birth rates and death rates. |
| exponential growth | represents a pops growth when resources are relatively abundant |
| Carrying capacity | max pop size the environment can support |
| logistic growth equation | growth levels off as pop size approaches carrying capacity |
| Life history | evolutionary outcomes reflected in the development, physiology, and behavior of orgs |
| semelparous | orgs reproduce once then die |
| Iteroparous | reproduce repeatedly |
| density dependent | -population regulation death rate rises and birth rate falls with increasing density. - curbs pop increase via negative feedback and can stabilize pop near carrying capacity - competition for food and spaces, increased predation, disease, phys factors |
| metapopulation | group of pops linked by immigration and emigration |
| ecological footprint | the aggregate of land and water area needed to produce all resources a person or group of people consume and to absorb all their waste |
| Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to | determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population. |
| A population’s carrying capacity | may change as environmental conditions change. |
| Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator, the lynx, has revealed that | predation is the dominant factor affecting prey population cycling. |
| Analyzing ecological footprints reveals that | the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high. |
| Based on current growth rates, Earth’s human population in 2019 will be closest to | 7.8 billion. |
| The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that | the members of the population are competing for access to a resource. |
| According to the logistic growth equation | population growth is zero when N equals K. |
| During exponential growth, a population always | has a constant per capita population growth rate. |
| Which of the following statements about human populations in industrialized countries is correct? | The population has undergone the demographic transition. |
| Interspecific interactions | affect survival and reproduction of individuals that engage in them. |
| Competition | (-/+) individuals of diff species use a limited resource reducing the survival or reproduction of both individuals |
| Exploitation | (+/-) members of one species benefit by feeding up on members of the other species — predation, herbivory, parasitism |
| Positive (+/+) | members of one species benefit while members of the other benefit or are not harmed |
| Competitive exclusion | two species whose members compete for the same resource cannot coexist permanently in the same place |
| resource partitioning | differentiation of ecological niches that enable species to coexist |
| ecological niche | The sum of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment |
| species diversity is affected by | the number of species in a community (richness) and relative abundance |
| more diverse communities typically | produce more biomass and show less year to year variation in growth than less diverse communities and are more resistant to introduced species |
| biomass | The total mass of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat. |
| trophic structure | The different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling. |
| Foundation species | large or abundant members of a community that provide food or habitat |
| keystone species | usually less abundant that exert disproportionate influence on community structure |
| Ecosystem engineers | influence community structure though their effects on physical environment |
| bottom up control | abundance of orgs at each trophic level is limited by nut supply or food availability |
| top down control | each trophic level is controlled by the abundance of consumers at higher trophic levels |
| intermediate disturbance hypothesis | moderate levels of disturbance can foster higher species diversity than can low or high levels of disturbance |
| ecological succession | sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance |
| primary succession | occurs in area that is virtually lifeless |
| secondary succession | occurs after a disturbance has removed most but not all of the organisms in a community |
| species area curve | species richness is directly related to communities geographic size |
| zoonotic pathogens | transferred form other animals to humans and cause mot emerging human diseases |
| The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community’s | trophic structure. |
| The principle of competitive exclusion states that | two species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community. |
| Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community’s species diversity is increased by | moderate levels of disturbance |
| According to the island equilibrium model, species richness would be greatest on an island that is | large and close to a mainland. |
| Predators that are keystone species can maintain species diversity in a community if they | prey on the community’s dominant competitors. |
| Food chains tend to be short because | most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as energy passes to the next higher level. |
| Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community? | effect of grazing by bison on plant species diversity |
| The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that | tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation. |
| ecosystem | consist of all the orgs in a community and all the abiotic factors with which they interact |
| energy is conserved but | released as heat during ecosystem process —> energy flows though ecosystems (not recycled) |
| chemical elements cycle though | an ecosystem and are subject to the laws of conservation of mass |
| gross primary production | total energy assimilated by an ecosystem in a given period |
| net primary production | the energy accumulated in autotroph biomass, equals GPP minus energy used for respiration |
| Net ecosystem production | total biomass accumulation of an ecosystem defined as the difference between GPP and Total ecosystem respiration |
| production efficiency | efficiency with which chem energy is converted to biomass at each link of the food chain |
| trophic efficiency | percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next (10%) |
| carbon cycle | reflects the reciprocal processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration |
| bioremediation | The use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems. |
| biological augmentation | use orgs to add essential materials to ecosystems |
| Which of these ecosystems has the lowest net primary production per square meter? | an open ocean |
| The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to a more natural state is known as | restoration ecology. |
| Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by | converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb. |
| Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem? | the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem |
| Which of the following was a result of the Hubbard Brook watershed deforestation experiment? | The nitrate concentration in waters draining the deforested area became dangerously high. |
| Which of the following is an example of bioremediation? | adding seeds of a chromium-accumulating plant to soil contaminated by chromium |
| If you applied a fungicide to a cornfield, what would you expect to happen to the rate of decomposition and net ecosystem production (NEP)? | Decomposition rate would decrease and NEP would increase. |
| Genetic diversity | enables adaption to environmental change |
| species diversity | maintains communities and food webs |
| ecosystem services | A function performed by an ecosystem that directly or indirectly benefits humans. |
| introduced species | A species moved by humans, either intentionally or accidentally, from its native location to a new geographic region; sometimes called a non-native species, exotic species, or invasive species. |
| minimum viable population size | The smallest population size at which a species is able to sustain its numbers and survive. |
| extinction vortex | A downward population spiral in which inbreeding and genetic drift combine to cause a small population to shrink and, unless the spiral is reversed, become extinct. |
| endangered species | A species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. |
| movement corridors | A series of small clumps or a narrow strip of quality habitat (usable by organisms) that connects otherwise isolated patches of quality habitat. |
| biodiversity hot spots | A relatively small area with numerous endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species. |
| zoned reserve model | An extensive region that includes areas relatively undisturbed by humans surrounded by areas that have been changed by human activity and are used for economic gain. |
| Urban ecology | study of orgs in their environment in primary urban settings |
| biological magnification | A process in which retained substances become more concentrated at each higher trophic level in a food chain. |
| sustainable development | economic development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future gens to meet their needs |
| One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that | its genetic diversity is very low. |
| The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere over the past 170 years is | the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. |
| What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity? | habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction |
| Which of these is a consequence of biological magnification? | Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers. |
| Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex? | Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species. |
| Which of the following statements about protected areas established to preserve biodiversity is true? | It is especially important to protect biodiversity hot spots. |
| competition | (-/-) individuals of diff species each use a limited resource, reducing the survival or reproduction of both individuals |
| Exploitation | (+/-) members of one species benefit by feeding upon members of another species - Predation, herbivory, parasitism |
| predation | an individual of one species kills and eats the other |
| herbivory | an herbivore eats a plant of alga |
| parasitism | parasite derives nourishment from a second organism, the host |
| Positive interactions | (+/+ or +/0) members of one species benefit while members of the other benefit or are not harmed - Mutualism or commensalism |
| Mutualism | (+/+) members of both species benefit from interaction |
| Commensalism | (+/0) members of one species benefit while the other is not affected |
Created by:
bouzianeju