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SCIENCE FINAL 2026
| Term | |
|---|---|
| Force | Any interaction that can cause an object to change its velocity (accelerate) or its shape |
| Net Force | The overall, unbalanced force that results from the vector addition of all individual forces acting on an object |
| Inertia | Resistance to change in motion |
| Speed Formula | Speed = Distance / time traveled |
| Weight | A measure of force of gravity on an object |
| Newton's 2nd Law of Motion | The acceleration of an object will change depending on the mass it carries |
| Law of Universal Gravitation | The strength of the gravitational force increases as mass increases and the strength of the gravitational force decreases as the distance between the masses increases. Gravity of Earth pulls objects downward at a rate of 9.81 m/s2. |
| Unbalanced Force | Unbalanced forces create a change in the net force, causing an object to accelerate, change speed or change direction. |
| Balanced Force | Balanced forces result in a net force of zero and do not change an object's motion |
| Acceleration | The rate at which an object’s velocity changes over time |
| Mass | A measure of amount of matter |
| Newton's 1st Law of Motion | An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. |
| Newton's 3rd Law of Motion | Whenever one object excerpts a force on another, the other excerpts on equal force back in the opposite direction |
| Gravity | Gravity is a non-contact force that pulls objects toward each other |
| Magnetic feild | Is represented by magnetic field lines extending from one pole of a magnet to the other. |
| Magnetic poles | A region at either end of a magnet where its magnetic field is most concentrated and the magnetic force is the strongest |
| Repulsion | Poles that push away from each other |
| Electricity | Electrons move in the same direction through a conductor (like a copper wire), we call that flow a current |
| Static Electricity | An imbalance or buildup of electric charges on the surface of a material, often caused by friction or rubbing of electrons temporarily from one object to another |
| Parallel circuit | Components are arranged on separate parallel branches. Each branch forms an independent mini-circuit, meaning a break in one branch does not affect the others. |
| Insulator | A material that has long-range magnetic order (like ferromagnetism) but is electrically insulating |
| Proton | A stable, positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of every atom |
| Non-contact force | A push or pull that acts on an object without any physical contact |
| Magnetism | The force of attraction or repulsion of a magnetic material due to the arrangement of its atoms |
| Attraction | Opposite charges or poles that pull toward each other |
| Series circuit | Components are arranged end-to-end along a single path. If one bulb or wire breaks, the entire circuit is paused and no electricity is conducted. |
| Conductor | Conductors readily allow the free flow of electrical charge or thermal energy |
| Electron | A fundamental subatomic particle with a negative electrical charge. |
| Neutron | A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of every atom |
| Energy | Is the ability to do work (or to cause a change in position) |
| Potential Energy | Potential Energy (PE) is energy stored in an object due to its position or chemical composition. |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | Energy can transform between the 9 forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The total energy of a closed system remains constant. |
| Conduction | Heat transfer occurs through direct physical contact, where vibrating atomic particles pass kinetic energy directly to neighboring particles. This requires atoms to vibrate. |
| Radiation | Heat transfer occurring through electromagnetic waves. This mechanism can travel across empty vacuums and does not require a material medium. |
| Temperature | Temperature measures the average motion (KE) of a substance's molecules |
| Wavelength | Is the distance between two peaks of a wave, while frequency is the total number of complete waves in a cycle |
| Frequency | Frequency is the total number of complete waves in a cycle |
| Kinetic Energy | Kinetic Energy (KE) is the energy of motion. All energy is measured in Joules |
| Forms of Energy | There are 5 types of KE: Radiant KE, Thermal KE, Motion/Mechanical KE, Sound and Electrical KE There are 4 types of PE: Chemical PE, Nuclear PE, Stored Mechanical PE and Gravitational PE. |
| Convection | Heat transfer within fluids (liquids or gases). Warmer, less-dense fluid rises while cooler, denser fluid sinks, creating a circulation loop. |
| States of Matter | Adding thermal energy accelerates particle movement, driving phase changes from rigid solids to flowing liquids and expanding gases. |
| Thermal Energy | The internal energy of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium due to its temperature |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | Waves that carry energy through space. If you increase the frequency, you increase the energy the wave carries. If you increase the frequency, the wavelengths become shorter. |
| Electromagnetic Wave | Synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space |
| Work | When an external force acts on an object and causes it to change distance or direction. Work is a form of energy, measured in Joules (J) |
| Simple Machine | Devices designed to alter the amount and/or direction of an input force, with a goal of making the work easier. |
| lever | Simple machine made of a rigid bar that pivots on a fixed point called a fulcrum |
| wheel & Axle | Simple machine consisting of a larger wheel (or disk) rigidly attached to a smaller rod called an axle |
| Wedge | Triangular-shaped simple machine consisting of two back-to-back inclined planes |
| Power | The rate at which work is done over time |
| Mechanical Advantage | The force of the load divided by the force of the effort. Mechanical Advantage has no unit, as it is a measure of how much easier or harder it is for the machine to make the work. |
| Pulley | Simple machine consisting of a grooved wheel with a rope, cable, or belt running through it |
| Inclined Plane/ Ramp | Consists of a flat, sloped surface used to raise or lower heavy loads |
| Screw | Simple machine consisting of an inclined plane wrapped around a central cylinder |
Created by:
Emilyw30