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Error Banks (OAT)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following would be present in both a virus and E. coli bacteria? | Nucleic Acids |
| An individual loses a significant amount of weight, going from 300 lbs to 150 lbs. In what form is the majority of this weight lost? | Exhalation in the form of CO2 |
| Which of the following best describes the interaction of estrogen with cells? | Estrogen diffuses through the membrane and binds to a receptor in the nucleus |
| An enzyme is added to a cell that destroys histone proteins. Which of the following would occur? | RNA polymerase will have better access to the chromatin |
| E. coli are bacteria found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. Under oxygen-deprived conditions, these organisms will carry out which of the following processes? | Glycolysis and Fermentation |
| Which of the following organelles would you expect to find in a prokaryotic cell? | Ribosome |
| Which of the following ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle cells? | Calcium ions |
| Which of the following structures lining the respiratory system is responsible for clearing debris and pathogens from the airway? | Cilia |
| Which of the following areas of the brain is incorrectly associated with its function? | Limbic System: motor and speech regulation. It actually regulates emotions, memory, motivation, and survival behaviors. |
| Which of the following occurs as a direct result of gastrulation? | Different parts of the embryo begin to interact with one another |
| Which of the following would trigger an intracellular response? | Increase in DAG |
| All of the following statements are true about enzymes EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? | Bind irreversibly to substrates |
| How many nucleotides are required to make 90 codons? | 270 |
| Which molecule has a very strong binding affinity for hemoglobin and is difficult to remove? | Carbon monoxide |
| What is the term for the junction between two neurons? | Synapse |
| What does GnRH directly stimulate the release of? | LH |
| What is most similar to an angiosperm seed? | Fertilized chicken egg |
| Each of the following is a condition that allows gases to behave ideally EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? | High pressure. They perform at high temperatures, low pressure |
| Each of the following are properties of transitional metals EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? | Have low melting points |
| Each of the following are single-replacement reactions that occur EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? | CaF2(s)+ Br2(ℓ) → CaBr2(s) + F2(g). Halogens that are higher up on the periodic table are more reactive. Based on this reactivity order, fluorine is more reactive than bromine, so the following reaction will not occur. |
| Which type of glassware sits below the burette in an acid-base titration? | Erlenmeyer flask |
| What is the pH of a 0.001 M solution of a monoprotic acid with a Ka value of 9 × 10^-7? | -log[3 × 10^-4]. To tackle this equation, we must first realize that the monoprotic acid given to us is NOT a strong acid (due to the low Ka value). Ka = (X)^2 / HA -> X = sqrt of (1*10^-3)(9*10^-7) |
| What are the colligative properties of liquid? | Colligative properties are properties that can only be applied to solutions and they depend on the amount or concentration of the solute in a solution. (Boiling point, Freezing point, Osmotic pressure, and Vapor pressure) |
| Which of the following best describes nuclear binding energy? | The energy required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its components |
| If you halve the pressure of a gas at constant temperature, what happens to the volume? | Volume will double. Use P1V1/n1T1 = P2V2/n2T2 |
| What is the value of E° for the following reaction? | Identify what's being reduced and what's being oxidized, if there's an oxidation, the sign should be neg and reduction should have a pos. Then add. |
| Under what conditions can a supercritical fluid be changed back into a liquid or gas? | Decrease temperature only (temp is the x axis and pressure is the y axis) |
| Benzene is reacted with one equivalent of Cl2 and FeCl3. What is the major product of the reaction? | This reaction can be classified as an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, specifically the chlorination of benzene. So, just Cl will be on the benzene. |
| When will things be deprotonated on a compound? | If the pka > pH, the weak acids will hold onto their hydrogen and exist in the protonated form. If pka < pH, the weak acids will donate hydrogen ions and exist in the deprotonated form. |
| What is the bromine test? | Br2/CCl4 is reagent, tests are alkenes and alkynes, dissapearance of brown color (bromine) signifies positive result |
| The rules for aromaticity are as follows: | The compound must be cyclic. The ring must be fully conjugated and planar (none of the atoms can be sp3 hybridized). The system must satisfy Huckel’s rule (# of pi electrons = 4n + 2, where n is any integer). |
| Antiaromatic | Cyclic, planar, fully conjugated, 4n π electrons |
| Non-aromatic | Fails one or more aromaticity requirements |
| How do ketones affect EAS reactions? | Ketones are electron-withdrawing groups due to the oxygen’s electronegativity. This electron withdrawal makes the aromatic ring less nucleophilic and less reactive in electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions. |
| NBS | performs allylic bromination in the presence of heat or light. Allylic bromination is the replacement of a hydrogen atom on an allylic carbon (allylic = the carbon neighboring a C-C double bond) with a bromine atom. |
| An oxygen atom with two single bonds and two lone pairs is usually | sp3 hybridized (because it has 4 electron domains). But the oxygen atom can be sp2 hybridized because one of its lone pairs is delocalized (with 3 electron domains). If it's near another oxygen, it can switch the double bond to |
| How to tell which hydrogen is the most shielded? | The one near the triple bond (or highest bond, usually) |
| Which of the following is the correct unit of the vacuum permittivity ε0? | C^2 / N • m^2 |
| A ball is rolled off a horizontal table with a velocity, v. If the table has a height, h, and a mass m, which of the following describes the distance the ball will land from the table when it hits the ground? | v × √2h/g |
| A 60 kg skydiver reaches terminal velocity after 12 seconds of freefall. What is the net force on the skydiver once terminal velocity is reached? | 0 N. When the skydiver reaches terminal velocity, his speed becomes constant, therefore a = 0. Fnet = ma, 0 N. |
| The rays of light will move from a medium with a lower index of refraction (air) to a medium with a higher refraction index (water). Will the emerging rays diverge or converge? | Diverge |
| A helium balloon is let go in a room with a speed of 1.3 m/s upward, and it takes the balloon 3.0 seconds to reach the ceiling. If the room's draft has a speed of 0.4 m/s and is directed horizontally, what is the final horizontal displacement? | Use the d = v * t equation -> 0.4 * 0.3 = 1.2 m |
| An object is placed 1 m away from a convex lens that has a focal length of 0.8 m. Which of the following statements about the image is true? | The image will be formed behind the lens |
| A mass, attached to a spring, is oscillating in simple harmonic motion. Which of the following statements regarding this system is true? | Increasing the mass will increase the period of oscillation T = 2pi * sqrt (m/k) |
| Two tuning forks have frequencies of 400 Hz and 410 Hz and the same amplitude. How much time elapses between 2 successive beats? | Difference is 10 Hz. T = 1/fbeat = 1/10 = 0.1s. |
| Electric current can be expressed in which of the following units? | Coulombs/Seconds |
| A ball is kicked at an angle of 30 degrees above the ground. Which of the following statements is true? | The ball’s initial horizontal velocity is greater than its initial vertical velocity. You would do cos(30) vs. sin(30) |
| A toy train on a track goes around a vertical loop of radius 1m in 4s. What is its centripetal acceleration? | You would find the circumference of the loop 2pir over time to get v. Then just put that into the centrifugal force equation. |
| List the electromagnetic waves from the most energetic to the least energetic | Gamma rays – X-rays – Ultraviolet – Visible light – Infrared – Microwaves – Radio waves |
| A capacitor connected to a battery has two plates, each with a charge Q. If the capacitor is pulled apart such that the distance between the two plates is doubled, while still connected to the battery, what happens to the charge? | The charge is halved |
| The Grizzly Bear Express is heading north at 65 mph. The Penguin Express is heading the opposite direction at 45 mph. If they are 250 miles apart, how long will it take for them to meet (in minutes)? | 227. Add up the speed of the trains, do distance/speed to get time. Then convert the hours to minutes. |
| The average price of a fish dinner across 8 different restaurants is $16. If the price of fish nation-wide went up $2, what is the new average of fish plates? | $18.00 |
| A yacht usually travels 150 miles on a river in 10 hours. However, with the river's current, it takes only 8 hours. What is the speed in miles per hour of the river? | Determine the speed of the yacht alone and the yacht with the current. The yacht's speed with the current is the sum of the yacht's usual speed and the river's speed. |
| If you flip a fair coin 7 times, what is the probability getting heads exactly twice? | 2^7 = 128 is all possible combinations of head and tails for the 7 coin flips. Use 7! / (7-2)!2! for the favorable possibilities. 21/128 |
| Chris can paint a wall in 2 hours, but Pat can paint the same wall in 1.5 hours. How fast could they paint a wall together (in minutes)? | rate = wall/time. Find both rates and then add them together. Once you have that, set up a cross multiplication to find how long it takes to paint one wall. Convert hours to minutes. |
| A rabbit is 54 meters away from a fox (and closer to a bush). The rabbit runs to the bush at 8 meters per second, and it takes the rabbit 12 seconds to reach the bush. How fast is the fox running if it reaches the bush 3 seconds after the rabbit? | Do v * t.= distance to find out how far the rabbit runs. Do 12 s + 3 s = 15 s for how long the fox took to run to the bush. Add both distances together 96 + 54 and put that over the time. |
| How much pure alcohol must be added to a 72 mL solution that is 5% alcohol to make it 10% alcohol? | Pure alcohol = 72 mL × 0.05 = 3.6 mL. Total volume of the new solution = 72 mL + x. (3.6 + x)/(72 + x) = 0.10 |
| HgSO4, H2SO4, H2O as a reagent | Markovnikov addition of OH that turns to a ketone via enol intermediate |
| Which molecule has a strong peak at 1700 cm-1? | Carbonyls would have a strong peak around here, so look for those. |
| How many structural isomers does trichlorobenzene have? | 3, structural or constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms. Trichlorobenzene has three structural isomers: 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, shown below. |
| haloform reaction (xs. NaOH, xs. Cl2) H3O+ | Creates a carboxylic acid + haloform (HCX3) |
| (COCl)2, CH3OH | Oxalyl chloride, (COCl)2, converts the carboxylic acid to an acid chloride. When the acid chloride is reacted with an alcohol, an ester is formed. |
| What happens when an acidic molecule interacts with a basic molecule? | A proton transfer will occur. Ammonia will deprotonate the carboxylic acid to form ammonium and a carboxylate ion. |
| Which pair of molecules will result in a reaction that most strongly favors the products? | Equilibrium always favors the formation of the weaker, more stable acid. Therefore, a strong acid in the reactants and a very weak acid in the products will strongly favor the formation of the products. NaOH + CH3COOH. |
| What does the reagent H2O, reflux mean? | E1 reaction |
| Would it be 2-ethylpentanol or 2-ethylpentan-1-ol? | 2-ethylpentanol is too ambigous, so it'd the latter |
| What's more acidic I3CCOOH or F3CCOOH? | F3CCOOH, because it's more electronegative |
| Given that self-ionization of water is an endothermic process, what is the value of pH + pOH at 350 K? | Higher than 25 C, both pH and pOH will decrease and give a sum that is less than 14 |
| What is the Ka of an acid HA, if a 0.001 M solution of HA has a pH of 4? | [H3O]+ = [A-] = 10^-4. [10^-4][10^-4] / [0.001] = 10^(-8+3) = Ka = 10^-5 |
| What is the pH of a 1.5 M solution of hypochlorous acid with a Ka of 3.5 x 10^-8? | You can set up an ICE table. Since HClO is a reactant and on the bottom, it would have 1.5-x while the others would just be x. Do 3.5 * 10^-8 = (x^2)/(1.5) -> x = sqrt ((1.5)(3.5 * 10^-8)) |
| Which of the following best explains why HF is a weaker acid than HCl, HBr, and HI? | Fluorine has the fewest number of electron shells. Since fluoride ions are smaller than other halide ions (fewer valence shells), they are less stable in solution, thus making their conjugate acids weak. |
| Which of the following best explains why H2SO4 is more acidic than H2SO3? | SO4^2- has a greater resonance stabilization than SO3^2- |
| Can you make a buffer with a strong acid? | No |
| concentration of titrant = | moles of titrant / volume of titrant |
| During the titration of a weak acid using a strong base, the buffering zone ends when | the concentration of the weak acid is significantly less than its conjugate base. |
| A weak base, NH3, is being titrated with a strong acid, H+. Which point on the titration curve represents when the pH of the solution is the most dependent on NH4+? | approximately at the equivalence point of the titration curve. At this point, the predominant compound in the solution is NH4+ since the strong acid has neutralized all of NH3 to form it conjugate acid NH4+. |
| How to find the acid that is being titrated with a strong base? | find the volume of strong base added at equivalence point. Divide that by half for the volume of strong base added at the equivalence point. When 25 mL of strong base added, the solution is approximately at a pH of 5. pKa = -log(Ka) -> 5 = -log(ka). |
| During the titration of a weak diprotic acid, the pH increases more rapidly after the second equivalence point than after the first equivalence point. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? | The first equivalence point results in a weaker conjugate base than the second equivalence point |
| Which of the following best describes the function of the renal pelvis? | Collects the urine and funnels it to the ureter |
| When you have an aldol reaction starting with a cyclic compound, then... | The double bond will be formed BETWEEN the two cyclic compounds. |
| A self-aldol condensation product of acetaldehyde contains which functional groups? | An alkene and an aldehyde |
| Which of the following compounds cannot form an enolate if treated with the necessary base? | A carbonyl can only be converted to an enol or enolate when it has one or more hydrogens on the alpha carbon. A SINGLE HYDROGEN WILL NOT WORK |
| If you have two cyclic ketones and you're trying to find where the double bond will go... | It should be adjacent (close) to the bottom one |
| In a Dieckman condensation, the cyclic compound forms based on the amount of carbons... | BETWEEN the two ketones |
| Adding H3O+ and heat to a compound with three oxygens will... | remove two oxygens |
| Which of the following reagents/reactions below involve a 1,4 addition to an α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl? I. Grignard reagent II. Gilman reagent III. Lithium aluminum hydride | II only, Li[CuR_2] |
| If you want to turn a ketone into a carboxylic acid, you need... | BOTH NaOH and H3O+, along with the X2 |
| What does Cl2, CCl4 do and does it invert stereochemistry? | It adds two Cl's to both sides of the double bond and there's an inversion, so two different Cl2's |
| Two objects made of the same material are heated to the same temperature. Object A has twice the mass of Object B. Which of the following is true about their internal energies? | Object A has twice the internal energy of Object B |
| Each of the following statements is true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? | At a given temperature, all molecules in a gas will move at the same speed. |
| Which statement best describes heat transfer through convection? | Convection refers to heat transfer by the movement of a medium. Conduction also needs a medium, but convection does not. |
| Which of the following groups is the strongest deactivator? -NR3+ or -CN? | -NR3+ because it has a full positive charge |
| The stomata of a plant will open in all the following situations EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? | High temperatures |
| The following abides by the universal genetic code EXCEPT one. Which of the following is the EXCEPTION? | Almost all nucleic acids in life abide by the universal genetic code when translating their genetic information. The only exception to this is the DNA within mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA follows its own genetic code when translation occurs. |
| Two identical charges, A and B, are held stationary and separated by a distance (d). Which of the following statements is true? | An identical charge (C) would also be repelled from A and B. The closer C gets to A and B, the more repulsion it will experience (r decreases). As r decreases, electric potential (V) will increase as they are inversely related. Low to high V. |
| Which of the following describes a key characteristic that makes a compound amphoteric? | Presence of both acidic hydrogen and basic lone pairs |
| Which of the following changes to the dissociation of HNO2 will increase the pH of the solution? | Increasing the number of NO2- molecules |
| As temperature increases, the water dissociation constant | increases, because the autoionization equilibrium shifts to produce more H3O+ and OH-. |
| Each of the following compounds are amphoteric EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? | NH4+ can act as an acid by donating a proton to form NH3. However, it is unable to act as a base since it does not have a free electron lone pair to accept a proton. Therefore NH4+ is not an amphoteric compound. |
| If HBr is added to a solution containing NH3 at equilibrium depicted in the equation below, in which direction will the equilibrium of NH3 shift? NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH- | Shift right, due to a decrease in OH- ions |
| Given that humans maintain an internal body temperature of 37C, which of the following statements correctly characterizes the effect that body temperature has on the Ka and Kb of water, compared to room temperature? | Both Ka and Kb values of water is greater in the human body |
| If the pH of pure water at 40C is 6.75, what is the Kw of neutral water at this temperature? | pH + pOH = pKw In pure water, the concentration of hydronium molecules is equal to the concentration of hydroxide molecules. pH = pOH 6.75 + 6.75 = 13.5 Kw = 10^-13.5 |
| If the percent dissolution of NH3 (Kb = 1.8 × 10-5) is 10%, what was the initial concentration of NH3? | You would set up your ICE table with (0.1x)(0.1x)/0.9x = Kb |
| Tip about galvanic cells | Another word for them is voltaic |
| LDA Tip | It can commonly be used to make an alkene via E2 reactions |
| Which radical is capable of rearranging? | A radical can rearrange if it is adjacent to a double bond or a benzene ring, not an sp3 carbon |
| Which of the following compounds will only react as a dienophile (not a diene) in a Diels-Alder reaction? | The key to solving this question is determining which compound is only capable of reacting as a dienophile. A diene must have conjugated C-C pi bonds. If it does not have alternating double and single bonds, it won't work. |
| Which diene would react the fastest in a Diels-Alder reaction? | The diene in a Diels-Alder reaction must be conjugated (two alternating double bonds) and in the cis conformation (the two double bonds are on the same side of the single bond). |
| Diene | In order to be an effective diene, a molecule must have two double bonds separated by exactly one single bond (conjugated) and have the spatial freedom to bend into the required s-cis shape. |
| Dienophile | A dienophile must have at least one π bond (a double or triple bond). A carbonyl like an aldehyde will not work, nor Saturated compounds (no C=C or C≡C bond), e.g. ethane. Or strong alkenes or aromatic rings. |
| Magnitude Tip | When a problem is asking for the magnitude of something, you negate whether it's positive or negative. |
| If energy is added to break apart the nucleus of an atom into its constituent protons and neutrons, we can expect that the total weight of its constituent protons and neutrons is | heavier than the initial weight of the nucleus. |
| Which of the following is a function of non-coding RNA? | Gene expression regulation |
| Gringard Reagent + Acyl chloride equals? | Tertiary alcohol with ketone intermediate |
| In humans, protein breakdown can produce all of the following byproducts EXCEPT for one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? | Fatty acids, they CAN produce pyruvate, acetyl CoA, ammonia, and Oxaloacetate |
| A chemist reacts 2-pentanol with chromic acid, the reagent used in the Jones Test. What is the expected IR absorption of the NEW functional group present after the reaction is complete? | 1700 cm-1, Recall that when primary or secondary alcohols are reacted with chromic acid, they’re oxidized into carboxylic acids or ketones, respectively. In our case, we have a secondary alcohol being oxidized into a ketone. |
| All of the following statements describe a difference between intermolecular forces and intramolecular forces EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? | Intramolecular forces can determine boiling point while intermolecular forces do not |
| In human lungs, hemoglobin has __________. | Increased affinity for oxygen |
| A mixture of methanol and 1-pentanol would be best separated by which of the following means? | distillation. Both molecules can hydrogen bond due to their OH groups, but 1-pentanol has a much higher boiling point because its longer hydrocarbon chain increases dispersion forces. |
| When a separatory funnel containing ethane, ethanoic acid, and dichloromethane has aqueous NaOH added, which layer does ethanoic acid migrate to? | When NaOH is added, it will deprotonate the ethanoic acid, making it soluble in the aqueous layer. When using organic solvents that contain Chlorine, the organic layer is denser and on the bottom of the funnel. |
| A mixture of benzoic acid and phenol is dissolved in diethyl ether. During an acid/base extraction, aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to the mixture. Will the extraction be successful? | No, benzoic acid and phenol will both reside in the aqueous layer. Hydroxide is a strong base and will deprotonate both phenol and benzoic acid. A weaker base like sodium bicarbonate could be used here, as benzoic acid is more acidic than phenol. |
| A mixture of phenol and a typical amine are dissolved in diethyl ether. During an acid/base extraction, aqueous sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is added to the solution. Will the compounds be separable via this acid/base extraction? | No, the sodium bicarbonate will not deprotonate the phenol. Sodium bicarbonate is strong enough to deprotonate stronger acids such as carboxylic acids, but not phenol. |
| A chemist has a 50:50 liquid mixture of two unknown compounds in a beaker: compound A and compound B. He finds that compound B has a very low vapor pressure relative to compound A. What technique could the chemist use to separate the compounds? | Distillation. Recall that vapor pressure and boiling point have an inverse relationship to one another. As a compound’s boiling point increases, its vapor pressure subsequently decreases. |
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smurtab