Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Psych 204 Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cognitive neuroscience | studies the neural substrates of mental processes, or how the brain implements the mind |
| mind-body problem | two competing views about the location of the mind in the body |
| aristotle | mind is in the heart |
| plato | mind is in the brain |
| mind-brain problem | relation between the mind and brain (whole mind works together vs. parts work independently) |
| Phrenology people | Gall and Spurzheim |
| 3 phrenology assumptions | 1. size of brain area and psychological function 2. size of brain area and size of bumps on skull 3. cortical size, skull shape, psychological function |
| legacy of phrenology | more focus on brain anatomy and physiology AND initial idea of functional specialization/localization |
| Broca's aphasia | patient Tan left frontal lobe lesions issue with language production but not comprehension |
| Wernicke's aphasia | left temporal-parietal lobe lesions issue with language comprehension but not production |
| implication of broca and wenicke | specific aspect of language is impaired by specific lesion |
| modern view of cog neurosci | there is specialization and integration, understand parts with whole |
| neuroplasticity | brain's ability to reorganize in response to environmental input and experience |
| development of treatments for brain conditions (2) | 1. grow new neurons (especially in hippocampus) 2. brain stimulation |
| deep brain stimulation (DBS) | electrode into targeted neural region, electric current ran through and changes activity used for parkinson's, alzheimer's, depression, OCD |
| repetitive transcranial mental stimulation (rTMS) | TMS over many sessions |
| development of human brain interface devices | retinal and cochlear implants |
| brain computer interface devices | neuroprosthetics that recover motor function in paralyzed patients |
| Neuron Doctrine | Ramon y Cajal (father of neuroscience) nervous system is made of discrete individual cells |
| % of brain cells that are neurons | 10 |
| 3 parts of neuron | 1. soma (cell body) 2. dendrite 3. axon |
| soma | cell metabolic activity integrates input |
| dendrite | recieve info from other cells at synapse (Post synaptic) |
| axon | conduct nerve impulse away from soma terminal buttons at end with synapse (pre synaptic) |
| myelin | white fatty substance insulates and protects speeds up conduction of info |
| Schwann cells | PNS surround axon and create myelin |
| oligodendrocytes | CNS surround axon and create myelin |
| nodes of ranvier | accelerated transmission of action potential uninsulated (no myelin) gap of axon |
| sensory neurons | respond to environment signals send info to CNS |
| interneurons | associate info w/in CNS |
| motor neurons | direct outputs to muscles/glands info goes from brain to spinal cord to muscles |
| function of neurons | communicate: receive, evaluate, and transmit info |
| of brain cells that are glial | 90 |
| function of glial cells | care for and feed neurons, structural support |
| astrocytes | CNS large cells that make up blood brain barrier support and protection |
| microglial | CNS small and irregular remove damaged/dead cells |
| basic condition for neuronal signaling | generate electrical currents |
| neurons can receive signals in two forms | chemical or physical forms |
| communication within a neuron happens via | action potential |
| communication between neurons happens via | synapses |
| resting state | neuron not actively signaling |
| resting potential (mV) | -70 |
| threshold for action potential | -55 |
| when does action potential occur | resting potential rapidly rises or falls |
| all or none events | if stimulus exceeds threshold reaction happens, if not, there is no action |
| what do chemical synapses use | neurotransmitters |
| synaptic cleft | where vesicles with neurotransmitters opened from action potential release their content |
| how do electrical synapses work | electrical signal passed from one cell to the next via cytoplasm |
| central nervous system (CNS) | brain and spinal cord command and control network |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | sensory receptors and motor effectors courier network |
| 2 spinal cord horns | dorsal- sensory input ventral- motor output |
| this matter is inner spinal cord | grey |
| this matter is outer spinal cord | white |
| 4 orientations- top | superior/dorsal |
| 4 orientations- front | anterior/rostral |
| 4 orientations- bottom | inferior/ventral |
| 4 orientations- back | posterior/caudal |
| this matter is outer brain | grey |
| this matter is inner brain | white |
| 3 views- axial | sliced in half horizontal |
| 3 views- sagittal | sliced in half left right |
| 3 views- coronal | sliced in half front back |
| midbrain 3 parts | 1. inferior colliculi 2. superior colliculi 3. substantia nigra |
| inferior colliculi | locate audio |
| superior colliculi | help find visual |
| substansia nigra | motor control/cognition |
| midbrain controls | States of consciousness and respiration |
| hindbrain 3 parts | 1. medulla oblongata 2. pons 3. cerebellum |
| medulla oblongata | respiration, heart rate, blood pressure |
| pons | connects brain to cerebellum, sleep, respiration, involuntary movement |
| cerebellum | voluntary movement, balance |
| 3 parts of brain stem | 1. medulla 2. pons 3. midbrain |
| brain stem function | respiration, consciousness |
| 2 areas of forebrain | 1. telencephalon 2. diencephalon |
| diencephalon 2 structures | 1. thalamus 2. hypothalamus |
| thalamus | relay all sensory signals (except smell), gateway to cortex |
| hypothalamus | maintain homeostasis, regulate body functions, hormones |
| telencephalon 3 parts | 1. cerebral cortex 2. basal ganglia 3. limbic system |
| limbic system 2 structures | 1. hippocampus 2. amygdala |
| limbic system functions | emotion, learning, and memory |
| basal ganglia functions | motor control, cognition, motivation |
| grey matter is made of | neurons/cell bodies |
| white matter is made of | glial cells/axons |
| gyri | elevated ridges |
| sulci | small grooves in gyri |
| fissures | deep grooves to divide regions |
| why are there brain convolutions | bring more neurons closer and fit more cortical surface into skull |
| central sulcus | separates frontal and parietal lobes |
| lateral sulcus/sylvian fissure | separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal |
| parieto-occipital sulcus | separates occipital from parietal and temporal |
| interhemispheric fissure/longitudinal fissure | divides hemispheres |
| 2 cortexs in frontal lobe | 1. prefrontal 2. motor |
| prefrontal cortex | planning, organizing, executive function |
| motor cortex | planning and executing movement, topographic correspondence with unequal representation for parts of body |
| parietal lobe 2 cortexs | 1. somatosensory 2. primary sensory |
| somatosensory cortex | sensory info and association areas |
| primary sensory cortex | topographic correspondence with unequal representation for parts of body |
| occipital lobe | visual |
| temporal lobe | auditory, memory, emotion |
| association cortex | in all lobes not sensory or motor complex processing |
| 2 ways for brain lesions to occur | 1. naturally 2. surgically |
| advantage of brain lesion | link brain region to a mental function |
| structural brain imaging methods (SIM) | image anatomical brain structures in a static way |
| SIM is ideal for | identifying tumors/hemorrhages link brain structures to cog/behav changes |
| Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) (SIM) | x-ray through head |
| CAT advantages | see bone, blood, neural tissue inexpensive and available |
| CAT disadvantages | can't distinguish grey/white matter not adaptable for FIM purposes less spatial resolution than MRI dangerous for pregnant |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | signal from hydrogen nuclei/protons |
| MRI advantages | distinguish btwn grey/white matter non invasive good spatial resolution |
| MRI disadvantages | not suitable for some (metal/claustrophobia) bulky and expensive |
| functional brain imaging methods (FIM) | image brain activity in a dynamic way |
| FIM is ideal for | identifying changes in brain activity during feelings/thoughts/actions |
| electroencephalography (EEG) | cap with electrodes on skull records electrical activity during neural firing directly measures brain activity detects abnormal functioning |
| EEG advantage | EEG patterns are well established and consistent |
| EEG disadvantage | not as helpful for cog neurosci |
| Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) | EEG coordinated with timed event to measure response info on when processes occur in brain |
| ERPs advantages | good temporal resolution non invasive direct inexpensive few limitations |
| ERPs disadvantages | bad spatial resolution |
| functional MRI (fMRI) | detects changes in blood flow/oxygen (BOLD) during a task, finds active regions, measures concentration of deoxyHB |
| deoxyHB | paramagnetic strong MR signal resting |
| oxyHB | diamagnetic weak MR signal activity |
| fMRI advantages | noninvasive good spatial resolution |
| fMRI disadvantages | bad temporal resolution measures metabolic changes not neutral events themselves indirect measure expensive |
| transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) | electromagnetic coils by skill generate magnetic field to activate neurons and facilitate/disrupt brain activity |
| TMS advantages | confirm lesion method findings provide causal link btwn brain activity and function |
| TMS disadvantages | stimulation is temporary and mild only affects Brian closest to surface |
| sensation | process of detecting stimuli (touch, taste, smell, sound, see) |
| perception | process of interpreting stimuli |
| transduction | manner by which sensation is converted to sensory neural impulses |
| all senses except this one go through thalamus | smell |
| multisensory integration | individual senses pulled together and coordinated |
| input for audition | sound waves |
| 3 parts of ear | 1. outer 2. mid 3. inner |
| outer ear | locate sound and source, amplify waves |
| mid ear | passes vibrations to inner ear |
| inner ear | turns vibrations into neural signals, cochlea |
| cochlea | membranes move from sound waves, movement stimulates hair cells, movement causes cell to emit action potential to audio nerve location of hair determines sound frequency it responds to (attached to base higher frequency) (tonotopic map) |
| sensory receptors for audition | hair cells |
| where are neural signals sent from auditory nerve | primary auditory cortex |
| primary auditory cortex | codes simple features (frequencies of pure tones) |
| secondary auditory cortex | codes more complex features |
| interaural timing differences help to | locate sound |
| sensory receptors for vision | photopigments |
| input for vision | light rays reflecting from object, rods and cones |
| 3 parts of retina | 1. fovea 2. rods 3. cones |
| fovea | center of retina, forms sharp clear image |
| rods | photoreceptor black and white night vision low light contrast sensitive to light near periphery |
| cones | photoreceptors color (r/b/g) active during day less sensitive to light more near fovea |
| rods and cones are retina input while these are output and form the optic nerve | ganglion cells |
| there is a blind spot where | the optic nerve leaves the eye since there are no rods/cones |
| blank rods connect to one ganglion cells while blank cones connect to one ganglion cell | many; few |
| optic nerve splits into 2 paths | 1.temporal fibers 2. nasal fibers |
| temporal fibers | 1/2 of retina closest to ear |
| nasal fibers | 1/2 of retina closest to nose |
| optic chiasm | nasal fibers cross over so info from each field goes to primary visual cortex |
| primary visual cortex (V1) | first time info from both eyes is integrated responds to lines/edges gets basic visual info |
| lateral geniculate nucleus (in thalamus) | fibers synapse here before going to primary visual cortex |
| binocular disparity | each eye percieves slight differences to create 3D image |
| secondary visual cortex (V2) | projects to tertiary visual cortexs receptive fields progressively larger |
| V4 | color |
| V5 | motion receptive fields are large so illusions of motion occur |
| 3 deficits due to V1 damage | 1. Hemianopia 2. Scotoma 3. Blindsight |
| Hemianopia | partial blindness (lose sight in 1/2 of visual field) |
| scotoma | small lesions to V1 discrete regions of blindness |
| blindsight | can't see in an area but can still make some visual discriminations in that area (orientation/movement direction) happens because there are alternate routes from eye to brain |
| deficit of V4 | acnromatopsia, shades of grey |
| deficit of V5 | akinetopsia, selective loss of motor perception (frame by frame not continuous movement) |
| McGurk effect | perception of speech is influenced by seen lip movements |
| synesthesia | abnormal activation patterns and connections, neural cross coding of different sense, see/hear/taste colors/numbers/words |
Created by:
user-1920869