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2. Cold war B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fidel Castro | Revolutionary leader who overthrew the Cuban government in 1959 and established a communist state, nationalizing American-owned property. |
| Containment | A U.S. foreign policy goal of preventing the spread of communism; the Bay of Pigs was considered an unsuccessful application of this policy. |
| CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) | The U.S. intelligence organization that planned the Bay of Pigs invasion during the Eisenhower administration and carried it out under Kennedy. |
| Cuban Exiles | Anti-Castro Cubans (many of whom were doctors, lawyers, or bankers) trained by the CIA to invade Cuba and spark a popular revolt. |
| Bay of Pigs | The specific location in Cuba where the failed 1961 invasion took place. |
| John F. Kennedy (JFK) | The U.S. President who authorized the Bay of Pigs invasion and later navigated the Berlin and Cuban Missile crises. |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | The U.S. President who originally ordered the planning of the Bay of Pigs invasion. |
| Nikita Khrushchev | The leader of the Soviet Union (USSR) who issued ultimatums regarding West Berlin and ordered the construction of the Berlin Wall. |
| East Germany (GDR) | The communist-aligned portion of Germany whose sovereignty Khrushchev demanded the West recognize. |
| West Berlin | The democratic-aligned portion of Berlin located within East Germany; Khrushchev insisted all Western troops be removed from this area. |
| Vienna Summit (1961) | An informal meeting between Kennedy and Khrushchev where Khrushchev reissued his aggressive ultimatum regarding Berlin. |
| Berlin Wall | A 25-mile-long barrier started on August 17, 1961, to prevent East Berliners from fleeing to the West; it became the most recognized symbol of the Cold War. |
| Checkpoint Charlie | One of the primary crossing points between West and East Berlin. |
| Quarantine | The diplomatic term President Kennedy used for the naval blockade of Cuba to avoid an official declaration of war. |
| NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | An alliance of Western nations; the U.S. had installed missiles in Turkey, a NATO ally, which became a focal point of the crisis. |
| Turkey | The country where the U.S. had stationed offensive nuclear weapons capable of striking the Soviet Union. |
| Medium and Long Range Nuclear Missiles | Weapons capable of hitting most of the United States that the Soviets began installing in Cuba in 1962. |
| Richard Nixon | U.S. President who shifted foreign policy toward Realpolitik and established closer ties with China and the Soviet Union. |
| Henry Kissinger | Nixon's advisor who designed the policy of Realpolitik. |
| Realpolitik | A foreign policy based on a nation's actual power and practical interests rather than its political philosophy or beliefs. |
| Détente | A policy characterized by a lessening of military and diplomatic tension between superpowers. |
| Leonid Brezhnev | The Soviet leader who met with Nixon at the 1972 Moscow Summit to establish Détente. |
| SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) Treaty | An agreement that limited the number of intercontinental nuclear missiles each nation could possess. |
| Taiwan | An island nation that the U.S. agreed to eventually reunite with mainland China as part of Nixon's diplomatic opening with the Chinese. |
| Mujahideen | A guerrilla Islamic insurgency that declared a jihad (holy war) against the communist Afghan government and the invading Soviet forces. |
| Puppet Leader | A leader who is controlled by an outside power; the Soviets installed one in Afghanistan after killing the previous leader. |
| Surface-to-air missiles | Weapons secretly and indirectly supplied by the U.S. to the Mujahideen to shoot down Soviet helicopters. |
| Charlie Wilson | A U.S. figure associated with the effort to support the Mujahideen (referenced in the sources as "Charlie Wilson's War"). |
| Taliban and Osama bin Laden | Extremist groups and individuals who rose to power in the vacuum left after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. |
| Ronald Reagan | U.S. President who initially increased military spending to win the arms race before pursuing diplomacy with Gorbachev. |
| Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) | A proposed space-based missile defense system nicknamed "Star Wars" by critics; Reagan called it a "weapon of peace". |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | The Soviet leader who took power in 1985 and introduced major reforms to the failing Soviet system. |
| Glasnost | Gorbachev’s policy of "openness," which provided Soviet citizens with more freedom and shifted the nation toward democracy. |
| Perestroika | Gorbachev’s plan to "restructure" the Soviet economy and government by reducing military spending and increasing foreign trade. |
| INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces) Treaty | A treaty signed by Reagan and Gorbachev that eliminated all medium-range nuclear weapons from Europe. |
| George H.W. Bush | The U.S. President during the final years of the Cold War when the Soviet Union began to collapse. |
| Reunification of Germany | The joining of East and West Germany on October 3, 1990, following the fall of the Berlin Wall. |
| Boris Yeltsin | The President of Russia who took power after Gorbachev resigned on December 25, 1991. |
| Commonwealth of Independent States | A loose confederation of former Soviet republics (including Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine) established after the USSR dissolved. |
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