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1. Cold war A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) | US President during WWII and the Yalta Conference; he died before the Potsdam Conference. |
| Joseph Stalin | Leader of the USSR; he was accused of breaking promises made at Yalta and Potsdam regarding free elections, which is cited as the origin of the Cold War. |
| Winston Churchill | British Prime Minister during WWII; he famously delivered the "Iron Curtain" speech in 1946. |
| Harry S. Truman | US President who replaced FDR; he adopted the Containment Theory and established the Truman Doctrine. |
| George F. Kennan | A US diplomat in Moscow who developed the Containment Theory. |
| George C. Marshall | US Secretary of State (and former general) who proposed the Marshall Plan for European recovery. |
| Douglas MacArthur | US General who led UN forces in the Korean War; he was fired by Truman for insubordination after calling for a full-scale war with China. |
| Mao Tse-tung | The communist leader of China who warned the US to stop bombings near the Yalu River. |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower (Ike) | Elected President in 1952; he ended the Korean War by threatening the use of nuclear weapons. |
| John Foster Dulles | Eisenhower’s Secretary of State and an architect of the Brinkmanship strategy. |
| Francis Gary Powers | The US pilot shot down over Soviet territory during the U-2 Incident in 1960. |
| Nikita Khrushchev | The Soviet leader who succeeded Stalin; he canceled a summit with Eisenhower following the U-2 incident. |
| Alger Hiss | A government official accused of being a communist spy; he was convicted of perjury. |
| Ethel and Julius Rosenberg | American citizens convicted of espionage for stealing nuclear secrets and executed in 1953. |
| Joseph McCarthy | A Wisconsin Senator who became the symbol of the Red Scare by making unsubstantiated claims of communist infiltration in the US government. |
| Richard Nixon | A young congressman who gained national fame for his role in convicting Alger Hiss. |
| Joseph Welch | The US Army attorney who famously discredited Joseph McCarthy on national television. |
| Yalta | The site of a February 1945 conference where the "Big Three" discussed the post-war division of Germany. |
| Potsdam | The site of a July 1945 conference where the details of German occupation and reparations were finalized. |
| Fulton, Missouri | The location of Westminster College, where Winston Churchill delivered his "Iron Curtain" speech. |
| Iron Curtain | A metaphorical line (and eventual physical barrier) dividing democratic Western Europe from communist-controlled Eastern Europe. |
| Greece and Turkey | The first two nations to receive US aid under the Truman Doctrine to prevent a communist takeover. |
| West Berlin | The democratic portion of Berlin located within East Germany; it was the site of the Berlin Airlift. |
| 38th Parallel | The dividing line between North and South Korea. |
| Pusan | The southern tip of Korea where US/UN forces established a defensive perimeter early in the Korean War. |
| Inchon | The site of General MacArthur's surprise amphibious landing behind North Korean lines. |
| Yalu River | The border between North Korea and China; US airstrikes here triggered Chinese entry into the war. |
| The Cold War | An intense, bitter conflict between the US and the USSR spanning from 1945 to 1990. |
| Satellite Nations | Eastern European countries that were brought under the control of the communist USSR after WWII. |
| Containment Theory | The US policy of restricting communism to its current borders to prevent further expansion. |
| Truman Doctrine | The official adoption of containment; a policy stating the US would support free peoples resisting subjugation by "armed minorities". |
| Marshall Plan | A $17 billion economic recovery program offered to European nations to rebuild and resist the spread of communism. |
| Berlin Airlift | A 327-day operation where the US and allies flew 2.5 million tons of supplies into West Berlin to break a Soviet blockade. |
| UN Police Action | The official designation of the Korean War, as it was authorized by the UN Security Council. |
| NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | A 1949 military alliance for collective defense against communist expansion. |
| Warsaw Pact | A 1955 military alliance formed by the USSR and its satellites in response to the rearmament of West Germany. |
| The Arms Race | The competition between the US and USSR to build more powerful nuclear weapons, specifically the Hydrogen Bomb (H-Bomb). |
| Brinkmanship | The willingness to go to the "edge" of nuclear war to maintain peace. |
| FCDA (Federal Civil Defense Administration) | An agency created to calm public fears and educate citizens on surviving a nuclear attack (e.g., "Duck and Cover"). |
| Space Race | The technological competition triggered by the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957. |
| NASA | Created by Eisenhower to promote space technology and catch up to the Soviets. |
| National Defense Education Act | A 1958 law that provided millions of dollars to improve education in science, math, and foreign languages. |
| Red Scare | A period of intense fear regarding the spread of communism and internal subversion in the US. |
| Loyalty Review Board | A program started by Truman to investigate government employees for disloyalty. |
| HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee) | A committee that investigated communist influence, most famously in the movie industry. |
| The Hollywood Ten | A group of witnesses who refused to testify before HUAC, claiming it was unconstitutional; they were imprisoned for their refusal. |
| McCarthyism | The unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty or communist ties without providing evidence. |
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