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Esthetics- CH2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| abduction | muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, it separates the fingers |
| absorption | the transport of FULLY digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells |
| accessory nerve | also known as the eleventh cranial nerve; a type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles |
| adduction | muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand it draws the fingers together |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism |
| adipose tissue | a specialized connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body |
| adrenal glands | glands that are located at the top of the kidneys assisting in the regulation of metabolism, stress response and blood pressure, and support of immune system health through the generation of specific hormones |
| anatomy | the study of human body structure, how the body parts are organized, and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts |
| aorta | the body's largest artery, the arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body |
| arteries | thick-walled muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body |
| arterioles | small arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries |
| auricularis muscles | the three muscles of the ear that work together to move the ear upward, forward, or backward |
| auriculotemporal nerve | affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull |
| autonomic nervous system | abbreviated ANS; the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart |
| belly | the middle part of the muscle |
| biceps | muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm |
| blood | nutritive fluid circulating through the cardiovascular system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them |
| blood vessels | tubelike structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, and veins |
| body systems | groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems |
| brain | part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity |
| brain stem | structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain |
| buccal nerve | affects the muscles of the mouth |
| buccinator | the thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips, as in when blowing a whistle |
| capillaries | tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials |
| cardiovascular system | body system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body |
| carpus | also known as wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments |
| cell membrane | part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell |
| cells | basic unit of all living things; capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life |
| central nervous system | abbreviated CNS; cerebrospinal nervous system, consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves |
| cervical nerves | a branch of the facial nerve that affects the side of the neck and the platysma muscle |
| cervical cutaneous nerve | located at the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone |
| cervical vertebrae | the seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region |
| circulatory system | also known as cardiovascular system; system that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels |
| clavicle | also known as collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula |
| common carotid arteries | arteries that supply blood to the face, head, and neck, located on either side of the neck, having an internal and external branch |
| connective tissue | fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. |
| corrugator muscle | facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically |
| cranium | oval, bony case that protects the brain |
| defecation | elimination of feces from the body |
| deltoid | large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | abbreviated DNA; the blueprint material of genetic information; contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell |
| depressor anguli oris | also known as triangular muscle; muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth |
| diaphragm | muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing |
| digestion | breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means |
| digestive enzymes | chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body |
| digestive system | also called the gastrointestinal system; responsible for changing food into nutrients and wastes; consists of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands, and other organs |
| digital nerve | sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers |
| digits | also known as phalanges; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones |
| ductless glands | also known as endocrine glands; glands that release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| eleventh cranial nerve | also known as accessory nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles |
| endocrine glands | also known as ductless glands; release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influence the welfare of the entire body |
| endocrine system | group of specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body |
| enzymes | a group of complex proteins produced by living cells that act as catalysts in specific chemical reactions in the body, such as digestion |
| epicranius | also known as the occipitofrontalis; a broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and includes the occipitals and frontal |
| epithelial tissue | protective covering on body surfaces, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs; and glands |
| ethmoid bone | light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities |
| excretory system | group of organs-including the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, and lungs- that purify the body by elimination of waste matter |
| exhalation | breathing outward; expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs |
| exocrine glands | also known as duct glands; produce a substance that travels through small, tubelike ducts, sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to this group |
| extension | when muscles straighten, when the wrist, hand, and fingers form a straight line |
| external jugular vein | vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck |
| facial nerve | it is the chief motor nerve of the face. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck |
| fifth cranial nerve | also known as trifocal or trigeminal nerve; it is the chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. It has three branches |
| flexion | when muscles move to pull the body part toward the core of the body, such as when the biceps of the arm are activated toward the body |
| frontal bone | bone forming a forehead |
| frontalis | front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead |
| gastrointestinal system | responsible for changing food into nutrients and waste, also called the digestive system |
| glabella | the corregator and procures muscles; considered an area or region such as between eyebrows, and or on the frontal bone. Not specifically a muscle or a bone |
| glands | an organ that contributes to keeping the body in homeostasis by producing chemicals, including hormones, that are passed directly into the bloodstream because the glands have no duct system to travel through |
| greater auricular nerve | located in the back of the neck, affects the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland |
| greater occipital nerve | located in the back of the head, affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head |
| heart | muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system |
| histology | also known as microscopic anatomy; the study of the structure and composition of tissue |
| hormones | secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body, or a body organ, to stimulate functional activity or secretion, such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen |
| humerus | uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder |
| hyoid bone | U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscle |
| infraorbital nerve | affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth |
| infratrochlear nerve | affects the membrane and skin of the nose |
| ingestion | eating or taking food into the body |
| inhalation | breathing in through the nose or mouth; oxygen is absorbed by the blood |
| insertion | point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other more movable body part |
| integumentary system | the skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails |
| internal jugular vein | vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck |
| interstitial fluid | a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells and provides the cells with nutrients and a method of removing cell waste; the fluid contains components that are involved in blood clotting and wound healing |
| joint | connection between two or more bones of the skeleton |
| kidneys | one of the organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating water and waste products |
| lacrimal bones | smallest, most fragile, thin bones located in the front inside wall of the orbits (eye sockets) |
| latissimus dorsi | large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back |
| lesser occipital nerve | also known as smaller occipital nerve; located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear |
| levator anguli oris | a muscle associated with smiling |
| levator palpebrae superioris muscle | thin muscle that controls the eyelid and can be easily damaged during makeup application |
| levator labii superioris | a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip. It is sometimes called the quadrates labii superioris |
| liver | a gland in the abdominal cavity that secretes enzymes necessary for digestion, synthesizes proteins, and detoxifies the blood. It regulates sugar levels in the blood and helps with decomposition of red blood cells and produces hormones necessary for func |
| lungs | main organs of the respiratory system. Located on either sides of the heart, take oxygen from the environment and transfer it to the bloodstream. They also exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide |
| lymph | a liquid composed of changing components in the interstitial fluid as the fluid is circulating throughout the body, dispersing white blood cells and cell nutrients, such as sugars, fats, and salts, as well as absorbing toxins and waste |
| lymph node | gland-like structure found inside lymphatic vessels; filters the lymphatic vessels and helps fight infection |
| lymphatic/immune system | vital to the circulatory and immune systems; made up of lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the blood system; they protect the body from disease by developing resistance and destroying disease-causing organism |
| mandible | lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face |
| mandibular nerve | affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip |
| masseter | one of the muscles that coordinate with the temporals, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred to as chewing muscles |
| maxillae bones | form the upper jaw |
| maxillary nerve | affects the upper part of the face |
| median nerve | nerve, smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand |
| melasma | pregnancy mask; a form of hyperpigmentation that is characterized by bilateral patches of brown pigmentation on the cheeks, jawline, forehead, and upper lip due to hormonal balances, such as pregnancy, birth control pills, or hormone replacement therapy |
| mental nerve | affects the skin of the lower lip and chin |
| mentalis | muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin |
| metabolism | (1) chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. (2) the process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy |
| metacarpus | also known as palm; consists of five long, slender bones called metacarpal bones |
| mitochondria | a cell structure that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell, called ATP, adenosine triphosphate |
| mitosis | cells dividing into two new identical cells (daughter cells); the normal process of cell reproduction of human tissues |
| motor nerves | carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement |
| muscle tissue | tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body |
| muscular system | body system that covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body |
| nape | back of the neck |
| nasal bones | bones that form the bridge of the nose |
| nasal nerve | affects the point and lower side of the nose |
| nasals muscle | two-part muscle that covers the nose |
| nerve tissue | tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions |
| nerves | whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted |
| nervous system | body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work efficiently, in sync with each other |
| neurology | the scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system |
| neuron | also known as nerve cell; cells that make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord and transmit nerve impulses |
| nucleoplasm | fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA; determines our genetic makeup |
| nucleus | the central part, core. In anatomy and histology, the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of a cell that acts as the genetic control center; it plays an important role in the reproduction and metabolism |
| occipital bone | hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape |
| occipitals | back of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward |
| ophthalmic nerve | affects the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage |
| orbicularis oculi | ring muscle of the eye socket; closes the eyelid |
| orbicularis oris | flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips |
| organelles | small structures or mini organs within a cell that have their own function |
| organs | structures composed of specialized tissues; perform specific functions in plants and animals |
| origin | part of the muscle that does not move; it is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle |
| ovaries | function in reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characteristics |
| pancreas | secretes enzyme-producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbs, proteins and fats. the islet of Lsngerhans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production |
| parathyroid glands | regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly |
| parietal bones | bones that form the sides and top of the cranium |
| pectorals major and minor | muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm |
| peripheral nervous system | pns; system of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves |
| peristalsis | moves food along the digestive tract |
| phalanges | digits; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones |
| physiology | study of the functions or activities performed by the body's structures |
| pineal gland | a gland located in the brain; plays a major role in sexual development, sleep, and metabolism |
| pituitary gland | gland found in the center of the head; the most complex organ of the endocrine system; affects almost every physiologic process of the body: growth, blood pressure, contractions during childbirth, breast-milk production....ect |
| plasma | fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries food and secretions to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells |
| platelets | thrombocytes; much smaller than red blood cells; contribute to the blood clotting process, which stops bleeding |
| platysma | broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip |
| posterior auricular nerve | affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull |
| procerus | muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, depresses the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose |
| pronate | when muscles turn inward. for example, when the palm faces downward |
| protoplasm | colorless, jellylike substance in cells; contains nutrients such as protein, fats, carbs, mineral salts and water |
| pulmonary circulation | sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified, then back to the heart again |
| quadrates labi i superioris | a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip. It is sometimes called the levator labii superioris |
| radial nerve | a sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand |
| radius | smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb |
| receptors | sensory nerve endings located close to the surface of the skin |
| red blood cells | blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs |
| reflex | automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord. A responsive impulse is sent along a motor neuron to a muscle, causing a reaction |
| reproductive system | body system that includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and the testes, prostate gland, penis, and urethra in the male. This system performs the function of the procreation and passing on the genetic code from one gen |
| respiration | process of inhaling and exhaling; the act of breathing; the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs and within each cell |
| respiratory system | body system consisting of the lungs and air passages; enables breathing, which supplies the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product |
| ribs | twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax |
| risorius | muscle that draws the corners of the mouth out and back when grinning |
| scapula | shoulder blade; one of a pair of large, flat triangular bones of the shoulder |
| sensory nerves | carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations such as touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced; sensory nerve endings called receptors are located close to the surface of theskin |
| seventh cranial nerve | facial nerve; the chief motor nerve of the face; emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck |
| skeletal system | physical foundation of the body, composed of the bones and movable and immovable joints |
| skin | external protective coating that covers the body; the body's largest organ; acts as a barrier to protect the body systems from the outside elements; part of the integumentary system |
| smaller occipital nerve | lesser occipital nerve; located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear |
| soluble | capable of being dissolved or liquefied |
| sphenoid bone | forms the sides of the eye socket |
| spinal cord | portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk, and is protected by the spinal column |
| sternum | breastbone; the flat bone that forms the ventral support of the ribs |
| sternocleidomastoid | the muscle extending alongside of the neck from the ear to the collarbone; acts to rotate the head from the side to side and up and down |
| supinate | when muscles rotate, for example, in the forearm, the radius turns outward and the palm upward |
| supraorbital nerve | affects the skin of the forehead, scalp, eyebrow, and upper eyelid |
| supratrochlear nerve | affects the skin between the eyes and upper side of the nose |
| systemic circulation | general circulation; circulation of the blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart |
| temporal bones | bones forming the sides of the the head in the ear region |
| temporal nerve | affects the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of the cheek |
| temporalis muscle | temporal muscle; one of the muscles involved in mastication (chewing) |
| testes | male organs that produce the male hormone testosterone |
| thorax | chest; consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae; elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs and other internal organs |
| thyroid gland | gland located in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate the body's metabolism, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development, and maintenance of bone mass; needs iodine from the diet to function properly |
| tissue | collection of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| trapezius | muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and missal region of the back; stabilizes the scapula and shrugs the shoulders |
| triangularis | depressor anguli oris; is the muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corners of the mouth |
| triceps | large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm |
| trifacial (trigeminal) nerve | chief sensory nerve of the face; serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing; consists of three branches: ophthalmic nerve, mandibular nerve, and the maxillary nerve |
| ulna | inner and larger bone in the forearm, attached to the wrist on the side of the little finger |
| ulnar nerve | a sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, affects the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand |
| vagus nerve | located in the abdominal cavity, a nerve of the autonomic nervous system |
| veins | thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; they contain cuplike valves to prevent backflow and carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart and lungs |
| venules | small vessels that connect the capillaries to the veins; they collect blood from the capillaries and drain it into veins |
| white blood cells | perform the function of destroying disease-causing germs |
| zygomatic bones | malar bones or cheekbones; bones that form the prominence of the cheeks; the cheekbones |
| zygomatic nerve | affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek |
| zygomaticus | consists of major and minor muscles extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth that elevates the lip, as in laughing |
Created by:
sabrina27