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D vs D and more
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Delirium | Acute, sudden confusion with changes in attention and awareness; usually reversible |
| Main signs of delirium | Confusion, poor attention, disorganized thinking, hallucinations, fluctuating symptoms |
| Sundowning | Increased confusion and agitation at night |
| Common causes of delirium | Infection, medications, withdrawal, hypoxia, metabolic imbalance |
| Delirium nursing care | Treat cause, reduce stimuli, reorient often, maintain safety |
| Medication for severe delirium | Haloperidol |
| Dementia | Chronic, progressive decline in memory and cognitive functioning |
| Main symptoms of dementia | Memory loss, poor judgment, language problems, personality changes |
| Dementia risk factors | Aging, family history, diabetes, cardiovascular disease |
| Dementia treatment goals | Slow progression and maintain independence |
| Dementia medications | Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine |
| Non-drug dementia interventions | Routine, calm environment, simple communication |
| Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD) | Low intellectual functioning with impaired adaptive skills |
| Adaptive skills | Daily living, communication, and social skills |
| Severity levels of IDD | Mild, moderate, severe, profound |
| Causes of IDD | Genetics, prenatal exposure, trauma, infection |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | Disorder affecting communication, behavior, and social interaction |
| ASD signs | Poor eye contact, repetitive behaviors, sensory sensitivity |
| ADHD | Persistent inattention and/or hyperactivity causing impairment |
| ADHD inattentive symptoms | Distracted, forgetful, trouble focusing |
| ADHD hyperactive symptoms | Fidgeting, interrupting, excessive talking |
| ADHD symptoms begin before | Age 12 |
| ADHD treatment | Behavioral therapy, stimulants, school support |
| Common ADHD stimulants | Methylphenidate and amphetamines |
| Tic disorders | Sudden repetitive motor or vocal tics |
| Tourette syndrome | Multiple motor tics and at least 1 vocal tic for >1 year |
| Learning disorders | Difficulty with reading, writing, or math despite average intelligence |
| Dyslexia | Reading disorder |
| Communication disorders | Problems with speech, language, or social communication |
| Examples of communication disorders | Stuttering, language disorder, speech sound disorder |
| Motor disorders | Poor coordination or repetitive movements |
| Stereotypic behaviors | Hand flapping, rocking, head banging |
| Encopresis | Repeated stooling in inappropriate places |
| Enuresis | Repeated urination beyond expected age |
| Cognitive disengagement syndrome | Daydreaming, staring, mental fogginess |
| Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) | Pattern of angry, argumentative, defiant behavior toward authority |
| Common ODD behaviors | Arguing, refusing rules, blaming others, losing temper |
| ODD symptoms last at least | 6 months |
| ODD risk factors | Family conflict, trauma, ADHD, inconsistent discipline |
| ODD treatment | Behavioral therapy, parent training, family therapy |
| Nursing care for ODD | Set limits, stay consistent, reward positive behavior |
| Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) | Sudden impulsive aggressive outbursts |
| IED symptoms | Verbal aggression, physical aggression, destruction of property |
| IED aggression is | Impulsive and out of proportion |
| Feelings after IED episode | Guilt or regret |
| Risk factors for IED | Trauma, abuse, poor coping skills |
| Treatment for IED | CBT, anger management, SSRIs |
| Nursing care for IED | Maintain safety, identify triggers, teach coping skills |
| Conduct Disorder (CD) | Persistent violation of rules and rights of others |
| Common CD behaviors | Fighting, bullying, stealing, lying, vandalism |
| Other behaviors in CD | Truancy, running away, aggression |
| Risk factors for CD | Violence exposure, trauma, poor family support |
| CD may progress to | Antisocial personality disorder |
| Treatment for CD | CBT, family therapy, school support |
| Nursing care for CD | Firm limits, safety, positive reinforcement |
| Main difference: ODD vs CD | ODD = defiance; CD = severe aggression/rule violation |
| Main difference: ODD vs IED | ODD = ongoing defiance; IED = explosive anger episodes |
| Positive reinforcement | Rewarding desired behaviors |
| Teach-back method | Asking client/family to repeat information to confirm understanding |
| Supportive environment | Structured routine with reduced distractions |
| Nursing communication | Simple instructions, one step at a time |
| Ways to promote independence | Encourage self-care and decision-making |
| Collaboration in care | Work with family, school, therapists, healthcare team |
| Caregiver support | Education, support groups, respite care |
| Safety concerns | Self-harm, aggression, impulsive behavior |
| Early intervention | Improves long-term outcomes |
| Neurodevelopmental disorders are NOT caused by | Poor parenting |
| Community resources | IEPs, 504 plans, therapy services, support groups |
| IEP | Individualized Education Program |
| 504 Plan | School accommodations for learning needs |
| ADLs | Activities of Daily Living |
| Main nursing goals | Improve development, independence, and quality of life |
| Best outcomes occur with | Early identification, support, collaboration, advocacy |
| When to seek help | Delays, aggression, emotional distress, caregiver burnout |
| DSM-5-TR | Diagnostic manual for mental disorders |
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user-2042783