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Renaissance Test
Middle Ages and Renaissance Test Study Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fall of Rome | resulted in small kingdoms throughout Western Europe that were always at war with one another. |
| Charlemagne | 800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe |
| Roman Catholic Church | Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope. Was at the center of all peoples' lives. |
| Manor system | The center of life in feudal society and an economic system of exchanging land use and protection for goods and services. |
| Magna Carta | (1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of England was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom. |
| Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. |
| Serfs/Peasants | Lowest class of Feudalism and largest group of the population. * The people who "worked" the lands but had to give the Lords the majority of the profits from the land. |
| guilds | Association of merchants or artisans(craftspeople) who cooperated to protect their economic interests and working conditions. |
| Kings Authority | After the Black Death trade expanded and the growth of towns expanded taking power from lords and returning it to kings. |
| Appointment of Bishops | The issue that provoked the conflict between King Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII |
| Pope Urban II | pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims |
| Bubonic Plague (Black Death) | Deadly disease that spread across Asia, north Africa, & Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people(1/3 of European population) |
| Feudal Heirachy | king ---> noble/church official ---> knights ---> peasants |
| Knights | in the Middle Ages, lesser noble who served as a mounted warrior for a lord and followed a code of chivalry |
| Monasteries | Religious community where Christians called monks gave up their possessions and devoted their lives to serving God. |
| humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements |
| Renaissance | "rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome |
| renaissance perspective | the painting or sculpture presents a single perspective on its subject, usually posed in the center of the canvas, with the other elements of the scene creating a balanced composition in depth |
| Florence | an Italian city-state and leading cultural center during the Renaissance. Home to the Medici family. |
| Johannes Gutenberg | Inventor of the printing press |
| individualism | a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control as developed under humanism. |
| Leonardo di Vinci | considered a true "renaissance man", this Renaissance artist was responsible for the masterpieces "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper" |
| merchant class | Group of wealthy and powerful people who contributed to the birth of the Renaissance in Italy also known as patrons. |
| Michelangelo | (1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David. Credited as being a true renaissance man. |
| trade and patronage | Helped spread renaissance ideas north from Italy. |
| Northern Renaissance . | An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious and common nature than the classical style Italian Renaissance |
| printing press | 15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself and increased literacy rates |
| Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. |
| protestants | Those who protested against the Roman Catholic Church |
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