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bone quiz1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| describe 6 main functions of the skeletel system | support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostacis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage |
| Describe the role of bones in blood cell production. | Within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells |
| Which bones contain red bone marrow? | such as the hip bones, ribs, sternum (breastbone), vertebrae (backbones), skull, and ends of the bones of the humerus (arm bone) and femur (thigh bone). In a newborn, all bone marrow is red |
| How do red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow differ in composition and function? | RBM produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis YBM consists mainly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve. |
| Why is bone considered a connective tissue? | it consists of specialized cells suspended in a robust extracellular matrix rather than being packed tightly together |
| What is the composition of the extracellular matrix of bone tissue? | The extracellular matrix of bone contains abundant mineral salts (mostly hydroxyapatite) and collagen fibers. |
| How are compact and spongy bone tissues different in microscopic appearance, location, and function? | spongy tissue looks like a coral reef, located in the interior of a bone. compact tissue, looks like age lines on a tree trunk found beneath the periosteum of all bones |
| What is a bone scan and how is it used clinically? | a nuclear imaging test that detects areas of increased or decreased bone metabolism, helping to diagnose and track conditions like fractures, infections, and cancer |
| Which part of a bone contains sensory nerves associated with pain? | The periosteum |
| How is a bone marrow needle biopsy performed? What conditions are diagnosed through this procedure? | involves extracting a small, cylindrical core of solid bone marrow and tissue, usually from the back of the hipbone used to diagnose blood and bone marrow disorders and cancers |
| what are Osteoprogenitor cells? | unspecialized bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme Osteoprogenitor cells are found along the inner osteogenic layer of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels. |
| what are Osteoblasts? | are bone-building cells. They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue, a process called bone deposition, and they initiate calcification |
| what are Osteocytes? | mature bone cells, are the main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism |
| what are Osteoclasts? | huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell) and are concentrated in the endosteum. |
| what factors affect bone growth and re modeling? | minerals(calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, manganese) vitamins (A,C,D,K and B12) hormones (igfs, t3, t4, estrogen, testosterone) |
| Explain the location and roles of the nutrient arteries | supply the medullary cavity and the inner two-thirds of the cortex in long bones. They are crucial for maintaining bone metabolism |
| Explain the location and roles of the nutrient foramina | Nutrient foramina are small openings in the bone surface that serve as vital passageways for blood vessels. Their primary role is to transmit nutrient arteries and veins |
| Explain the location and roles of the epiphyseal arteries, | The epiphyseal arteries enter the epiphyses of a long bone and supply the red and yellow bone marrow and spongy bone of the epiphyses. |
| Explain the location and roles of the periosteal arteries | periosteal arteries are the blood vessels situated within the periosteum Their primary role is to supply oxygen and nutrients to the periosteum itself and the outer one-third of the underlying compact (cortical) bone |
| what are the different parts of a long bone? | diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, articular cartilage, posterium, medullary cavity, endosternum |
| define diaphysis | is the bone’s—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone |
| define , epiphyses | are the proximal and distal ends of the bone. |
| define, metaphyses, | are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate, a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length |
| define articular cartilage, | is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone. |
| define posterium | connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. It is composed of an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer |
| define medullary cavity, | or marrow cavity, is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels. This cavity minimizes the weight of the bone by reducing the dense bony material where it is least needed. |
| define endosternum | thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity and the internal spaces of spongy bone. It contains a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells and a small amount of connective tissue. |
| Why is bone resorption important? | is vital for renewing the skeleton, regulating mineral levels, and healing |
| types of fractures? | open, comminuted, greenstick, impacted, pott, colles, vertable compression fracture, |
| what are the 4 steps involved in fracture repair? | Reactive phase, Reparative phase: Fibrous cartilage callus formation, Reparative phase: Bony callus formation, Bone remodeling phase |
| define stage one of the bone fracture repair process? | Reactive phase. This phase is an early inflammatory phase. Blood vessels crossing the fracture line are broken. fracture hematoma forms(clotting) usually forms 6-8 hours after injury |
| define stage two of the bone fracture repair process? | Reparative phase: Fibrous cartilage callus formation. The reparative phase is characterized by two events: the formation of a fibrous cartilage callus, and a bony callus to bridge the gap between the broken ends of the bones. |
| define stage three of the bone fracture repair process? | Reparative phase: Bony callus formation. In areas closer to well-vascularized healthy bone tissue, osteoprogenitor cells develop into osteoblasts, which begin to produce spongy bone trabeculae. |
| define stage four of the bone fracture repair process? | Bone remodeling phase. The final phase of fracture repair is bone remodeling of the callus. Dead portions of the original fragments of broken bone are gradually resorbed by osteoclasts. Compact bone replaces spongy bone around the periphery of fracture |
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