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axial anatlab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| AXIAL SKELETON | Skull, vertebral column and the rib cage |
| APPENDICULAR SKELETON | Bones in the thoracic girdles and forelimbs and the pelvic girdle and hindlimb |
| SPLANCHNIC SKELETON/ HETEROTOPIC SKELETON | Small bones that occur in the tissues of an organ or other structures which in the dog and cat consists only of the os penis or baculum found within the soft tissues of the penis |
| total number of bones in dog | 321 |
| total number in vertebral column | 50 |
| total number in skull and hyoid | 50 |
| total number in ribs and sternum | 34 |
| total number in thoracic limb | 90 |
| total number in pelvic limb | 96 |
| total number in baculum | 1 |
| is a layer of hyaline cartilage found in immature bones. | Epiphyseal cartilage (physis) |
| What separates the diaphysis (the cylindrical shaft of a long bone) from the epiphysis? | Epiphyseal cartilage (physis) |
| what lies between the proximal and distal epiphyses.? | Epiphyseal cartilage (physis) |
| is located at the ends of the bone and is associated with the metaphysis. | epiphysis |
| is the neck portion between the epiphysis and diaphysis. | metaphysis |
| lso known as the growth plate, where bone lengthening occurs. | epiphyseal cartilage |
| The shafts of long bones in the adult are filled largely with what? | Yellow bone marrow (medulla ossium flava) |
| In the fetus and the newborn, what occupies this cavity and functions in forming red blood cells? | Red bone marrow (medulla ossium rubra) |
| No spongy bone is present in the middle of the shaft of a long bone, and the thus formed hollow-filled space is known as what? | Medullary cavity (cavum medullare) |
| is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface of the bone | Articular cartilage |
| It occupies the interstices of spongy bone everywhere and medullary cavity of long bones at birth. | Red marrow |
| After birth, the red marrow is gradually replaced by? | yellow marrow. |
| is an important blood forming substance and contains precursors of erythrocytes, granular leukocytes of the blood, giant cells, | Red marrow |
| Red marrow is an important blood forming substance and contains precursors of erythrocytes, granular leukocytes of the blood, giant cells, which give rise to ? | platelets and a few fat cells. |
| In the adult, red marrow is present only in the? | vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull bones and epiphyses of long bones. |
| It consists of ordinary adipose tissue especially in the medullary cavity of long bones and short bones. | Yellow marrow |
| Yellow marrow consists of ordinary adipose tissue especially in the ? | medullary cavity of long bones and short bones. |
| fills the spaces of the spongy bone in short bones (carpals and tarsals) and medullary cavity of long bones. | Yellow marrow |
| Yellow marrow fills the spaces of the ? | spongy bone in short bones (carpals and tarsals) and medullary cavity of long bones. |
| it is a thin membrane lining the medullary cavity and osteonal (Haversian) canals. | Endosteum |
| Endosteum is also called as ? | medullary membrane. |
| It is the membrane, which invests the outer surface of the bone except its articular areas where it is covered by articular cartilage. | Periosteum |
| consists of an outer protective fibrous layer and an inner cellular osteogenic layer. | Periosteum |
| It is responsible for increases in the diameter of bones | Periosteum |
| It functions in healing of fracture | Periosteum |
| points of attachments for muscles and ligaments | projection or process |
| perforations or depressions or holes | articulation |
| What is a projection or process used for? | Attachment for muscles and ligaments |
| What does articular mean? | Forming joints with another bone |
| What does non-articular mean? | Attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments |
| What structures attach to non-articular areas? | Muscles, tendons, and ligaments |
| A TUNNEL THROUGH ONE OR MORE BONES Non- Articular Depression | CANAL |
| A LARGE ARTICULAR PROMINENCE | CONDYLE |
| CAVITY: A DEEP ARTICULAR DEPRESSION | COTYLOID |
| A SHARP RIDGE Non- Articular Projections | CREST |
| canal example | VERTEBRAL CANAL |
| condyle example | OCCIPITAL CONDYLES OF THE SKULL CONDYLES OF HUMERUS, FEMUR AND TIBIA |
| COTYLOID example | ACETABULUM OF THE HIP JOINT |
| CREST example | MEDIAN SACRAL CREST |
| A PROMINENCE JUST PROXIMAL TO THE CONDYLE | EPICONDYLE |
| A SMOOTH, FLAT SURFACE ARTICULAR PROJECTION | FACET |
| A NARROW, CLEFT-LIKE OPENING BETWEEN ADJACENT BONES | FISSURE |
| AN OPENING THROUGH A BONE NON- ARTICULAR DEPRESSION | FORAMEN |
| EPICONDYLEexample | LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS OR FEMUR |
| FACET example | ARTICULAR FACE OF A THORACIC VERTEBRA FOR ATTACHMENT OF A RIB |
| FISSURE example | PALATINE FISSURE |
| FORAMEN | INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN, FORAMEN MAGNUM, OBTURATOR FORAMEN |
| A SMALL HOLLOW NOMN- ARTICULAR DEPRESSION | FOSSA |
| A SHALLOW, NON-ARTICULAR DEPRESSION | FOVEA |
| A LONG, NARROW FURROW ACCOMMODATING VESEL NON-ARTICULAR DEPRESSION | GROOVE |
| A ROUNDED ARTICULAR PROCESS | HEAD |
| FOSSA ex | MANDIBULAR FOSSA, OLECRANON FOSSA AND RADIA FOSSA OF HUMERUS |
| FOVEA ex | FOVEA CAPITIS |
| GROOVE | RADIAL GROOVE, BICIPITAL GROOVE OF THE HUMERUS |
| HEAD | HEAD OF THE FEMUR OR HUMERUS |
| A RIDGE LESS PROMINENT THAN A CREST NON-ARTICULAR PROJECTION | LINE |
| A TUBE-LIKE CANAL THROUGH A BONE | MEATUS |
| A ARTICULAR DEPRESSION IN THE EDGE OF A BONE | NOTCH |
| ANY PROMINENT, ROUGHENED PROJECTION FROM A BONE NON- ARTICULAR PROJECTIONS | PROCESS |
| LINE ex | LINEA ASPERA |
| MEATUS ex | EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS |
| NOTCH ex | POPLITEAL NOTCH OF THE TIBIA |
| PROCESS ex | CREST, SPINE, TROCHANTER , TUBERCLE, TUBEROSITY |
| A SHARP, SLENDER PROCESS NON-ARTICULAR PROJECTIONS | SPINE |
| A LARGE, BLUNT PROCESS FOUND ONLY ON THE FEMUR NON-ARTICULAR PROJECTIONS | TROCHANTER |
| A PULLEY SHAPED STRUCTURE ARTICULAR PROJECTIONS | TROCHLEA |
| A SMALL, ROUNDED PROCESS NON ARTOCULAR PROJECTIONS | TUBERCLE |
| A LARGE,USUALLY ROUGHENED PROCESS NON- ARTICULAR PROJECTION | TUBEROSITY |
| SPINE ex | A SPINE OF THE VERTEBRA,SPINE OF THE SCAPULLA |
| TROCHANTER ex | GREATER TROCHANTER OF THE FEMUR |
| TROCHLEA ex | TROCHLEA OF A FEMUR |
| TUBERCLE ex | GREATER TUBERCLE OF THE HUMERUS |
| TUBEROSITY ex | ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY |
| Cranium and facial parts number | 35 |
| hyoid apparatus number | 9 |
| middle ear number | 6 |
| 1. The functions of the skull are | 1 To house and protect the brain. 2 To house the special sense organs – eye, ear, nose and tongue. 3 To house and provide attachment for parts of the digestive system – teeth and tongue, etc. |
| What are the 4 paired bones of the cranium? | Exoccipital, Parietal, Frontal, and Temporal. |
| What are the 6 unpaired bones of the cranium? | Supraoccipital, Interparietal, Basioccipital, Basisphenoid, Presphenoid, and Ethmoid. |
| What is the only unpaired bone of the face? | The Vomer. |
| What are the 10 paired bones of the face? | Incisive, Nasal, Maxilla, Dorsal concha, Ventral concha, Zygomatic, Palatine, Lacrimal, Pterygoid, and Mandible. |
| What is the only unpaired bone of the hyoid apparatus? | The Basihyoid. |
| What are the paired bones of the hyoid apparatus and middle ear? | Stylohyoid, Epihyoid, Ceratohyoid, Thyrohyoid, Malleus, Incus, and Stapes. |
| The cranium consists of 5 orbital regions: | Frontal Lacrimal Palatine Sphenoid Zygomatic |
| Rounded prominence on the ventral part of the temporal bone | Tympanic Bulla |
| Houses and protects the structures of the middle ear | Tympanic Bulla |
| Opening leading into the tympanic bulla | External Acoustic Meatus |
| Passageway for sound waves toward the eardrum | External Acoustic Meatus |
| Thin membrane closing the external acoustic meatus in life | Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum) |
| Vibrates in response to sound and transmits vibrations to middle ear ossicles | Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum) |
| Cartilage attached around the acoustic meatus | External Ear Cartilage |
| Supports the external ear canal and helps direct sound into the ear | External Ear Cartilage |
| Rostral part that contributes to the formation of the arch | Zygomatic process of the maxilla |
| Main bone forming the central portion of the zygomatic arch | Zygomatic bone |
| Caudal part completing the arch | Zygomatic process of the temporal bone |
| Serves as the origin of the masseter muscle | Zygomatic Arch |
| functions to close the mouth during chewing and biting activitie | masseter |
| Horizontal part of the mandible that bears the teeth | Body of the Mandible |
| Supports lower teeth and forms the lower jaw | Body of the Mandible |
| Vertical, caudal non-tooth-bearing part extending dorsally toward the zygomatic arch | Ramus of the Mandible |
| Provides attachment for muscles and supports jaw articulation | Ramus of the Mandible |
| connects the inner surface of the tympanic membrane in the incus. | Malleus or the hammer |
| is the ossicle between the malleus and the stapes. | Incus or anvil |
| also known as the smallest bone of the body base fits into the oval window. | Stapes |
| What is the main function of the hyoid apparatus? | Support the tongue |
| What does the hyoid apparatus support? | The tongue and larynx |
| What helps maintain the position of the larynx? | Hyoid apparatus |
| What is the suspension function of the hyoid apparatus? | Suspends structures between the bodies of the mandible |
| Where does the hyoid apparatus attach dorsally? | To the skull |
| Where does the hyoid apparatus attach ventrally? | to the larynx and base of the tongue |
| What structure is supported and suspended by the hyoid apparatus? | Tongue |
| What structure connects the tongue to the skull? | Hyoid apparatus |
| what is the main funtion of the skull? | protects the brain and sensory organs |
| common clinical problems of the skull? | skull fractures, tmj disorders, brachycephalic syndrome |
| What is the main function of the skull in dogs? | Protects the brain and sensory organs. |
| What are common clinical problems of the skull? | Skull fractures, temporomandibular joint disorders, brachycephalic syndrome. |
| What is the function of the mandible? | Essential for mastication and jaw movement. |
| What are common conditions affecting the mandible? | Mandibular fractures and dental malocclusion. |
| What does the hyoid apparatus support? | The tongue and larynx. |
| What are common problems of the hyoid apparatus? | Dysphagia and trauma affecting swallowing or vocalization. |
| What is the function of the vertebral column? | Protects the spinal cord and supports the body. |
| What are common vertebral column disorders? | Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), vertebral fractures, spinal cord compression. |
| What is the function of the cervical vertebrae? | Allows head and neck movement. |
| What are common cervical vertebrae conditions? | Atlantoaxial instability, cervical pain, disc disease. |
| What do the thoracic vertebrae support? | Ribs and thoracic cavity. |
| What are common thoracic vertebrae problems? | Thoracolumbar spinal injuries and vertebral malformations. |
| What is the function of the lumbar vertebrae? | Major weight-bearing region. |
| What are common lumbar vertebrae disorders? | Lumbosacral stenosis and lumbar fractures. |
| What is the role of the sacrum? | Transfers weight to the pelvis and hindlimbs. |
| What are common sacrum conditions? | Sacroiliac luxation and pelvic trauma. |
| What is the function of the caudal vertebrae? | Supports the tail. |
| What are common caudal vertebrae injuries? | Tail fractures and tail-pull injuries. |
| What is the main function of the ribs? | Protect the heart and lungs. |
| What are common rib problems? | Rib fractures and respiratory pain. |
| What is the function of the sternum? | Protects thoracic organs and provides muscle attachment. |
| What are common sternum conditions? | Sternal trauma and congenital deformities. |
Created by:
user-1909129