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endocrine&metabolism
endocrine & metabolism terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anorexia | Lack of appetite. "Anorexia nervosa" is an eating disorder |
| glycosuria | Presence of glucose in the urine. May indicate mellitus. Also called "glucosuria". |
| hyperalimentation | An excessive intake of food. May be used to describe overeating. |
| hyperglycemia | Excessive glucose in the blood |
| ketonuria | Presence of ketones in urine. May indicate diabetes mellitus or malnutrition. |
| paresthesia | Abnormal sensation, such as prickling. |
| polydipsia | Condition of excessive thirst |
| polyphagia | Condition of excessive appetite. |
| polyuria | Condition of excessive urination |
| prediabetes | A condition in which an individual's blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. |
| tetany | Continuous muscle spasms |
| goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland, not due to a tumor |
| hyperthyroidism | excessive thyroid hormone production; most common form is Graves' disease, which may be accompanied by exophthalmos, in which the eyeballs protrude from their orbits. The extreme form is called thyroid storm or thyroid crisis and is life threatening |
| hypothyroidism | deficient thyroid hormone production. If it occurs during childhood, it causes a condition called "cretinism", which results in stunted mental& physical growth. The extreme adult form is called "myxedema" which is characterized by facial and orbital edema |
| thyroiditis | inflammation of the thyroid. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a chronic autoimmune form of thyroiditis. |
| diabetes mellitus (MD) | a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high glucose levels that result from inadequate amounts of insulin, resistance to insulin, or a combo of both. secondary diabetes is a condition 2ngto another condition or the result of a pancreatectomy. |
| type 1 diabetes | Total lack of insulin production, resulting in glycosuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, blurred vision, fatigue, and frequent infections. Thought to be an autoimmune disorder. previously called "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)" |
| type 2 diabetes | Deficient insulin production, with symptoms similar to type 1 diabetes. Cause unknown but associated with obesity & family history; previously called "non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)" |
| hypoglycemia | Condition of deficient sugar in the blood. |
| hyperinsuilism | Oversecretion of insulin; seen in some newborns of diabetic mothers. Causes severe hypoglycemia. |
| acromegaly | the hypersecretion of somatotropin from adenohypophysis during adulthood; leads to an enlargement of the extremities, jaw, nose, and forehead; usually caused by an adenoma of the pituitary gland. |
| pituitary gigantism | hypersecretion of somatotropin that occurs during childhood |
| Cushing's syndrome | Excessive secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex causes symptoms of obesity, leukocytosis, hirsutism (excessive hairiness), hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and muscle wasting |
| diabetes insipidus (DI) | deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which causes the patient to excrete large quantities of urine (polyuria) and exhibit excessive thirst (polydipsia) |
| growth hormone deficiency (GHD) | somatotropin deficiency due to dysfunction of the adenohypophysis during childhood results in dwarfism. If during adulthood, patients may develop obesity and may experience weakness and cardiac difficulties |
| hyperparathyroidism | Overproduction of parathyroid hormone; symptoms include polyuria, hypercalcemia, hypertension, and kidney stones |
| hypoparathyroidism | Deficient parathyroid hormone production results in tetany, hypocalcemia, irritability, and muscle cramps |
| hypopituitarism | Deficiency or lack of all pituitary hormones, causing hypotension, weight loss, weakness; also includes Simmonds' disease and panhypopituitarism. |
| polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | bilateral presence of numerous cysts in the ovaries, caused by a hormonal abnormality leading to the secretion of androgens. Can cause acne, facial hair, and infertility. |
| primary adrenocortical insufficiency | Insufficient secretion of adrenal cortisol from the cortex is manifested by gastric complaints, hypotension, dehydration, fatigue, and hyperpigmentation of skin and mucous membranes. Also called "Addison's disease" |
| progeria | Genetic condition of rapid aging. Also called "Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS)" |
| syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) | oversecretion of ADH from the neurohypophysis, leading to severe hyponatremia and the inability to excrete diluted urine |
| adiposity | Accumulation of adipose (fat) tissue in specific body areas. |
| morbid obesity | A condition of patients who are 50% to 100% over their ideal body weight. The body mass index (BMI) is used to measure the relationship between a person's height and weight to determine obesity. |
| cystic fibrosis (CF) | Inherited disorder of the exocrine glands resulting in abnormal thick secretions of mucus that cause COPD. Caused by a defect in the gene that allows for the normal mucous secretions of the lungs to be diluted and excreted |
| dehydration | condition of deficient water in the body |
| hemochromatosis | Abnormal condition of excessive iron deposits in body tissues. May lead to organ failure, arthritis, and bronze coloration of skin. |
| hypercholesterolemia | Excessive cholesterol, a waxy substance, in the blood. |
| hyperlipidemia | Excessive fat in the blood. May be due to genetic causes |
| hypocalcemia | Condition of deficient calcium (Ca) in the blood. The opposite would be hypercalcemia-excessive calcium in the blood |
| hypokalemia | Condition of deficient potassium (K) in the blood. The opposite would be hyperkalemia-excessive potassium in the blood |
| hyponatremia | Condition of deficient sodium (Na). The opposite would be hypernatremia-excessive sodium in the blood. |
| hypovolemia | deficient volume of circulating blood |
| ketoacidosis | excessive amount of ketone acids in the bloodstream. |
| phenylketonuria (PKU) | A deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is responsible for converting phenylalanine, found in certain foods, into tyrosine. Failure to treat the condition will lead to brain damage and developmental disabilities. |
| Tay-Sachs disease | A fatal genetic disorder in which lipids accumulate in the tissues and brain due to an enzyme deficiency. |
| pheochromocytoma | Usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla. |
| prolactinoma | Most common type of pituitary tumor. Causes the pituitary to oversecrete prolactin |
| thymoma | Noncancerous tumor of epithelial origin that is often associated with myasthenia gravis. |
| islet cell carcinoma | Pancreatic cancer; fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Treated surgically with a Whipple procedure (pancreatoduodenectomy) |
| malignant thymoma | Rare cancer of the thymus gland. |
| thyroid carcinoma | The most common types of thyroid carcinoma are follicular and papillary. Both have high 5-year survival rates. |
| A1c | Measure of average blood glucose during a 3-month time span. Used to monitor response to diabetes treatment. Also called "glycosylated hemoglobin" or "HbA1c" |
| fasting plasma glucose (FPG) | After a period of fasting, blood is drawn. The amount of glucose present is used to measure the body's ability to break down and use glucose. 100-125 mg/dL = prediabetes; > = diabetes. Previously called "fasting blood sugar (FBS)" |
| hormone tests | Measure the amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), cortisol, growth hormone, or parathyroid hormone in the blood. |
| oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) | Blood test to measure the body's response to a concentrated glucose solution. May be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus. |
| radioimmunoassay studies (RIA) | Nuclear medicine tests used to tag and detect hormones in the blood through the use of radionuclides. |
| sweat test | Method of evaluating sodium and chloride concentration in sweat as a means of diagnosing cystic fibrosis. |
| thyroid function tests (TFTs) | Blood tests done to assess T3, T4, and calcitonin. May be used to evaluate abnormalities of thyroid function. |
| total calcium | Measures the amount of calcium in the blood. Results may be used to assess parathyroid function, calcium metabolism, or cancerous conditions . |
| urine glucose | Used as a screen for or to monitor diabetes mellitus; a urine specimen is tested for the presence of glucose. |
| urine ketones | Test to detect presence of ketones in a urine specimen; may indicate diabetes mellitus or hyperthyroidism. |
| adrenalectomy | Bilateral removal of the adrenal glands to reduce excess hormone secretion |
| adrenalorrhaphy | suturing the adrenal gland. |
| endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) | The recording of the pancreas through the use of an endoscope (duodenoscope) and a contrast medium. |
| pancreatectomy | Excision of all or part of the pancreas to remove a tumor or to treat an intractable inflammation of the pancreas. |
| pancreatoduodenectomy | Excision of the head of the pancreas together with the duodenum. Used to treat pancreatic cancer. Also called "Whipple procedure" |
| pancreatolithotomy | Cutting a stone from the pancreas. |
| parathyroidectomy | Removal of the parathyroid gland, usually to treat hyperparathyroidism. |
| pinealectomy | Cutting out the pineal body |
| pituitectomy | Excision of the pituitary gland; usually done to remove a pituitary tumor. Also called "pituitarectomy" |
| thyroidectomy | Removal of part or all of the thyroid gland to treat goiter, tumors, or hyperthyroidism that doesn't respond to meds. Removal of most, but not all, of gland will result in regrowth of the gland with normal function. if cancer detected total thyroidectomy |
| ACTH | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone |
| BMI | body mass index |
| Ca | calcium |
| CF | cystic fibrosis |
| DI | diabetes insipidus |
| DM | diabetes mellitus |
| ERP | endoscopic retrograde pancreatography |
| FBS | fasting blood sugar |
| FPG | fasting plasma glucose |
| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone |
| GH | growth hormone |
| GHD | growth hormone deficiency |
| hGH | human growth hormone |
| HGPS | Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome |
| ICSH | interstitial cell-stimulating hormone |
| IDDM | insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| K | potassium |
| LH | luteinizing hormone |
| Na | sodium |
| NIDDM | non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| OGTT | oral glucose tolerance test |
| OT | oxytocin |
| PCOS | polycystic ovary syndrome |
| PKU | phenylketonuria |
| PRL | prolactin |
| PTH | parathyroid hormone |
| RIA | radioimmunoassay studies |
| SIADH | syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone |
| T3 | triiodothyronine |
| T4 | thyroxine |
| TFTs | thyroid function tests |
| TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| adren/o, adrenal/o | adrenal gland |
| calc/o, calc/i | calcium |
| cortic/o | cortex |
| aden/o | gland |
| gluc/o, glyc/o, glycos/o | glucose, sugar |
| gonad/o | gonads |
| ket/o, keton/o | ketone |
| ren/o, nephr/o | kidney |
| lob/o | lobe |
| medull/o | medulla |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| parathyroid/o | parathyroid gland |
| hypophys/o, pituitar/o, pituit/o | pituitary gland |
| thalam/o | thalamus |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| thyr/o, thyroid/o | thyroid gland |
| crin/o | to secrete |
| trop/o | turning |
Created by:
user-1999966