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world history 05
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| American Revolution | 1775–1783 revolution in which the American colonies gained independence from Britain |
| American Revolution Causes | taxation without representation, British control, Enlightenment ideas |
| Declaration of Independence | document declaring American independence and natural rights |
| John Locke | Enlightenment thinker who argued people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property |
| Montesquieu | philosopher who promoted separation of powers in government |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | philosopher who believed government gets power from the people through a social contract |
| Voltaire | Enlightenment writer who supported freedom of speech and religion |
| Enlightenment | intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individual rights |
| Popular Sovereignty | idea that government power comes from the people |
| Social Contract | agreement where people give government power in exchange for protection of rights |
| French Revolution | 1789 revolution caused by inequality, debt, and Enlightenment ideas |
| Three Estates | social classes in France before the revolution: clergy, nobility, commoners |
| Storming of the Bastille | a 1789 attack by revolutionaries in Paris on a government prison and armory |
| Great Fear | wave of peasant strikes, riots, and revolts that broke out in rural France in mid-1789 |
| Tennis Court Oath | pledge signed by members of the Third Estate after being locked out of a meeting |
| Reign of Terror | period of executions and political violence during the French Revolution |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | French military leader who became emperor after the revolution |
| Patriarchy | society or government where men hold power and women are largely excluded from it |
| Haitian Revolution | successful slave revolt that created the first independent Black republic |
| Toussaint Louverture | leader of the Haitian Revolution |
| Gens de couleur libre | wealthy free blacks in Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti) |
| Latin American Revolutions | independence movements inspired by Enlightenment ideas and weakened Spain and Portugal |
| Simón Bolívar | leader who helped liberate northern South America |
| José de San Martín | leader who helped liberate southern South America |
| Miguel Hidalgo | Mexican priest who started the Mexican independence movement |
| Industrial Revolution | shift from hand production to machine manufacturing |
| Bourgeoisie | middle class that benefited from industrialization |
| Proletariat | industrial workers whose only significant source of wealth is their labor power |
| Urbanization | movement of people from rural areas to cities |
| Overpopulation | when a population is larger than the resources available to support it |
| Productivity | the effectiveness of labor or effort |
| Combustion | a rapid chemical change that produces heat and light |
| Dynamo | converts mechanical energy into electrical energy |
| Filament | wire in an incandescent bulb that lights up when electric current runs through it |
| Metallurgy | branch of science dealing with the production and purification of metals |
| Vulcanization | process for converting natural rubber into more durable materials |
| Nationalism | the idea that a people who share a common language and culture should live in the same country |
| Liberalism | a philosophy emphasizing representative government and economic freedom |
| Socialism | the means of production are owned collectively instead of privately |
| Marxism | philosophy developed by Karl Marx studying capitalism and labor |
| Chartist | mid-19th century movement in Britain to create an independent political party for workers |
| Suffrage | the right to vote in political elections |
| Stigmatization | when a person or group is described with strong disapproval |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian nationalist leader who helped unify Italy |
| Count Camillo di Cavour | Italian statesman who helped unify Italy |
| Risorgimento | Italian movement for national unification |
| Italian Unification | process completed in 1871 creating a unified Italy |
| Otto von Bismarck | German chancellor who unified Germany using “Blood and Iron” |
| Blood and Iron | Bismarck’s policy of unifying Germany through war and power |
| German Unification | creation of a unified Germany in 1871 |
| Zollverein | German customs union that reduced trade barriers between German states |
| Grossdeutsche | plan for a greater Germany including Austria |
| Kleindeutsche | plan for a smaller Germany excluding Austria |
| Fragmentation | breaking into smaller separate parts or states |
| Imperialism | policy where stronger nations dominate weaker regions politically or economically |
| Colonialism | acquiring control over another region and exploiting its resources |
| Social Darwinism | belief that stronger nations were naturally superior |
| Berlin Conference | 1884–1885 meeting where Europeans divided Africa without African input |
| Scramble for Africa | European competition for African territory |
| Assimilation | process where outsiders acquire social and cultural characteristics of another group |
| Boers | descendants of Dutch and Huguenot immigrants settling in southern Africa |
| Afrikaans | language spoken by the Boers and their descendants |
| Dutch | language from which Afrikaans descended |
| Zulu | powerful indigenous African kingdom in southeastern Africa |
| Cetshwayo | Zulu king at the time of the Anglo-Zulu War |
| Isandlwana | location of a defeat of British forces by a Zulu army |
| Malaria | infectious disease caused by parasites transmitted by mosquitos |
| Trek | a lengthy journey, especially one of migration |
| Recession | a period of economic decline |
| Subjugation | process of bringing one people under complete control of another people |
| Caste | hereditary social class system in Hindu societies |
| Sati | practice of a widow throwing herself onto her husband’s funeral pyre |
| Māori | indigenous people of present-day New Zealand |
| Polynesia | group of islands in the central and southern Pacific Ocean |
| Amharic | official Semitic language of Ethiopia |
| Eritrea | country in the Horn of Africa bordered by Sudan, Ethiopia, and Djibouti |
| Ottoman Empire | large empire weakened by nationalism and internal problems |
| Sick Man of Europe | nickname for the declining Ottoman Empire |
| Tanzimat Reforms | Ottoman reforms aimed at modernization |
| Autocracy | system of government led by one person with absolute power |
| Backlash | strong reaction against a decision, trend, or event |
| Dissent | expressing opinions against official policies or common views |
| Nationality | status of belonging to a nation by origin, birth, or naturalization |
| Orthodoxy | following traditional and established faith |
| Subvert | to overthrow or weaken an established government |
| Repeal | to officially cancel a law or legislative act |
| Pogrom | organized killing of people because of race or religion |
| Anti-Semitism | hostility toward or prejudice against Jews |
| Ausgleich | 1867 agreement establishing a dual monarchy in Central Europe |
| Hungary | kingdom that joined Austria in a dual monarchy in 1867 |
| Fenians | Irish revolutionary nationalist organization in the U.S. and Ireland |
| Anarchism | political philosophy arguing government is unnecessary |
| Kibbutz | communal settlement in Israel |
| Qing Dynasty | last imperial dynasty of China |
| Opium Wars | conflicts where Britain forced China to continue opium trade |
| Canton | Chinese port that was the first conflict location in the First Opium War |
| Cixi | Empress Dowager who ruled China in the late Qing Dynasty |
| Extraterritoriality | state of being exempt from local law |
| Boxer Rebellion | Chinese uprising against foreign influence |
| Sovereignty | authority of a state to govern itself |
| Seymour | last name of leader of Western expedition during Boxer Rebellion |
| France | European power that joined Britain against China in the Second Opium War |
| Jesus | historical figure Hong Xiuquan claimed was his older brother |
| Guerilla | soldier using unconventional methods to fight a larger force |
| Nepotism | practice of giving jobs and favors to relatives |
| Charisma | ability to attract admiration and attention |
| Meiji Restoration | 1868 Japanese modernization movement |
| Daimyo | hereditary noble in pre-Meiji Japan |
| Samurai | member of military caste in feudal Japan |
| Zaibatsu | large Japanese business conglomerate |
| Subsidiary | company controlled by a holding company |
| Oligarchy | small group controlling a country or government |
| Ideology | system of ideas and ideals forming political or economic theory |
| MAIN Causes of WWI | militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism |
| Militarism | aggressive military buildup |
| Alliance System | European agreements to support one another in war |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | Austrian archduke whose assassination sparked WWI |
| Triple Entente | alliance of Britain, France, and Russia |
| Triple Alliance | alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy |
| Trench Warfare | type of fighting where soldiers fought from trenches |
| Total War | war involving all parts of society and economy |
| Casualty | person killed or injured in a war |
| Supply Line | route used to provide food and equipment to military forces |
| Logistics | coordination of complex operations involving supplies and people |
| Reconnaissance | military observation to locate enemies or assess battlefields |
| Rifling | grooves in firearm barrels that make projectiles spin |
| Standardization | making items have the same specifications |
| Munitions | weapons and ammunition used in warfare |
| Zeppelin | airship using lighter-than-air gas |
| Treaty of Versailles | peace treaty ending WWI and punishing Germany |
| War Guilt Clause | part of Treaty of Versailles blaming Germany for WWI |
| Reparations | payments demanded from Germany after WWI |
| Russian Revolution | 1917 revolution leading to communist rule in Russia |
| Vladimir Lenin | leader of the Bolsheviks and Russian Revolution |
| Communism | system where property and industry are collectively owned |
| October Manifesto | promise of political reform issued by Nicholas II in 1905 |
| Treaty of Portsmouth | document ending the Russo-Japanese War |
| Sue for Peace | act by a nation to begin a peace process |
| Causes of WWII | Treaty resentment, dictators, appeasement, economic crisis |
| Adolf Hitler | Nazi dictator of Germany during WWII |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy |
| Joseph Stalin | leader of the Soviet Union during WWII |
| Appeasement | policy of giving concessions to aggressive nations to avoid war |
| Invasion of Poland | event beginning WWII in 1939 |
| Pearl Harbor | Japanese attack bringing the U.S. into WWII |
| D-Day | Allied invasion of Normandy in 1944 |
| Holocaust | systematic genocide carried out by Nazi Germany |
| Auschwitz | largest Nazi concentration and extermination camp |
| Blockade | sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving |
| Occupation Zone | area controlled by an opposing army after conquest |
| Airlift | transporting supplies by aircraft during emergencies or blockades |
| No-fly Zone | area where aircraft are prohibited from flying |
| Émigré | person who leaves a country for political reasons |
| Armistice | agreement to stop fighting temporarily |
| Stalemate | situation where neither side can make progress |
| United Nations | international organization formed after WWII to promote peace |
| Cold War | political and ideological conflict between the U.S. and USSR |
| Containment | U.S. policy to stop the spread of communism |
| Berlin Airlift | Western effort supplying West Berlin during Soviet blockade |
| Korean War | Cold War conflict between communist North Korea and democratic South Korea |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | 1962 confrontation bringing the world close to nuclear war |
| Vietnam War | Cold War conflict involving communist North Vietnam |
| Space Race | competition between the U.S. and USSR in space exploration |
| NATO | military alliance of Western democratic nations |
| Warsaw Pact | military alliance of Soviet-controlled nations |
| Proxy War | conflict where larger powers support opposing sides indirectly |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Soviet leader associated with reforms and the end of the USSR |
| Collapse of the Soviet Union | 1991 end of the USSR and Cold War |
| Decolonization | withdrawal from colonies by colonial powers |
| Mahatma Gandhi | Indian leader using nonviolent resistance |
| Civil Disobedience | peaceful refusal to obey unjust laws |
| Indian Independence | Britain granted India independence in 1947 |
| Chinese Civil War | conflict between Chinese Nationalists and Communists |
| Chiang Kai-shek | leader of the Chinese Nationalists |
| Mao Zedong | leader of the Chinese Communists |
| People’s Republic of China | communist government established in China in 1949 |
| Creation of Israel | 1948 establishment of a Jewish state in the Middle East |
| Castro | last name of the leader of the Cuban Revolution |
| Batista | dictator overthrown in the Cuban Revolution |
| Mosaddegh | Iranian prime minister ousted in 1953 |
| Fretilin | leftist East Timor independence party |
| Indonesia | country that invaded East Timor in 1975 |
| Sukarno | first president of Indonesia |
| Suharto | second president of Indonesia |
| Disenfranchisement | state of being deprived of the right to vote |
| Defoliant | chemical used in warfare to remove leaves from plants |
| Referendum | vote by the electorate on a political question |
| Trusteeship | supervisory control over a territory by another country |
| Globalization | increasing worldwide interaction and interdependence |
| European Union | political and economic union of European countries |
| World Trade Organization | organization regulating international trade |
| September 11 Attacks | 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States |
| War on Terror | international military campaign against terrorism |
| Capitalism | economic system based on private ownership and competition |
| Fascism | authoritarian government emphasizing nationalism and dictatorship |
| Progressive | favoring social reform and new ideas |
| Humanitarian | concerned with promoting human welfare |
| Concession | grant of land by a government in return for services or revenue |
| Quota | fixed amount a person or group receives or contributes |
| Rubber | most profitable commodity in the Congo Free State |
| Domain | territory owned or controlled by a ruler |
| Cultivation | planting, tending, and harvesting crops |
| Belgium | European country ruled by King Leopold II |
| Postcolonial | occurring after colonial rule |
| Improvise | to make something from available materials |
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