Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Final Exam US Histor
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Captains of industry | A way to describe people with lots of wealth in a positive light, saying that they are innovators and philanthropists |
| robber barons | A negative way to describe people with lots of wealth, that they are corrupt and hoarding wealth |
| Urbanization | The movement of many people from rural farmland to cities and the boom in cities populations |
| Transcontinental railroad | A railroad that went across the country, and created many jobs for people and immigrants especially, but was somewhat overdeveloped and heavily subsidized by the government |
| Pullman company | A company that created luxury train cars and created towns for their workers to live in, although they were cramped and not well built |
| Steam engine | considered the catalyst of the industrial revolution, and allowed factories and trains to be much better |
| Electricity | Shifted American cities away from coal gas lighting |
| Trust | Large business monopolies, with companies transferring stock to a single board allowing them to control all companies |
| Vertical Integration | A company owns every stage of the supply chain and distribution |
| horizontal integration | A company buys out competition |
| john D. Rockefelller | American industrialist who founded Standard Oil and created a large monopoly. Also did lots of philanthropy |
| Andrew Carnegie | American industrialist who started in rails, and entered the steel business, building an empire of steel, later the US steel corporation (sold to JP Morgan later) |
| JP Morgan | Co-founded the banking firm JP Morgan & Co, also involved in the railroad industry |
| Tenement housing | Cramped, poorly ventilated, and unsanitary multi-family apartment buildings, built to house influx of immigrants and working-class poor in cities |
| Social Darwinism | Applying natural selection to human society, and arguing that people who are the most fit to succeed will, and anyone who fails isn't meant to succeed |
| Blue collar workers | Physical laborers, typically unskilled or semi-skilled, earning about $1 a day |
| White collar workers | Laborers in clerical and professional roles, moving towards management and specialized roles for higher educated people. |
| Assembly line | A mass production technique championed by Henry Ford to make the Model T much more efficiently and cheaper, breaking down the production process into highly specialized and repetitive tasks |
| Eugene Debs | An American labor leader, union organized, and socialist politician, jailed for the Pullman strike, and involved in the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and American Railway Union |
| Scientific management | Aimed to make factories much more efficient by breaking down complex labor into simple timed tasks and separating management planning from manual execution. |
| How the other half lives | Photojournalism that exposed the horrible living conditions of NYCs poor immigrants, and contrasted with the wealth of others |
| Tenement housing act of 1901 | A NYC law that added regulations on tenements, including indoor bathrooms, outwards facing windows, and light |
| Philantrhopy | Massive charitable giving by American industrialists, sought to rehabilitate their public images by funding public institutions |
| knights of labor | Labor organization that united both skilled and unskilled labor, and included women and African Americans, advocated for 8 hour workday and no child labor |
| american federation of labor | Led by Samuel Gompers, focused on skilled workers, wanted higher wages, shorter workdays, and better working conditions |
| great railroad strike | After the third wage cut in a year, there was a large outrage and they stopped over half of the country's rail freight before federal troops forcibly suppressed it |
| haymarket massacre | Trigged by a bomb thrown into police lines during a peaceful rally for an 8-hr workday, it resulted in mass casualties, and blamed 8 labor organizers with 7 sentenced to death and one sent to prison, but none were really guilty |
| Homestead strike | Carnegie Steel Company vs unionized workers in Homestead, PA, sparked by massive wage cuts and refusing to recognize the union, Pinkertons hired to break the barricade, and people were killed. Eventually, national guard called and union was collapsed |
| Pullman strike | Pullman sleeping car company drastically cut wages + didn't lower rent in company towns, so strike and halted the railroads. Led by Eugene Debs and the ARU, helped other railroads not operate Pullman cars. Gr, Cl. sent in troops |
| coal strike | A few, but all driven by pay cuts, dangerous conditions, and corporate greed, sparked ?united Mine Workers of America |
| hull house | A social settlement in Chicago, provided education, childcare, and healthcare to working-class immigrants, founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr |
| John Muir | America's leading preservationist, fought against corporate exploitation of wild spaces by writing articles, and led to the creation of Yosemite |
| Workmans compensation laws | Industrial workers had no protections against negligence and dangerous conditions, but Knight of Labor and others fought for compensation |
| Muckrakers | Investigative journalists, writers, and photographers who exposed the corruption, corporate monopolies, and social injustices of the gilded age |
| Temperance | urging moderation of alcohol, eventually a political crusade led heavily by women to reduce abuse, poverty, and immigration, Womens Chr. Temperance Union especially |
| The Jungle | Upton Sinclair's book, describes the gross and brutal living and working conditions in meatpacking industry, sparked food safety reforms, FDA, and Meat Inspection Act |
| Chinese exclusion act | Prohibited the immigration of chinese laborers and barred Chinese residents from becoming citizens after the gold rush |
| Ellis Island | US immigration processing station in New York |
| William McKinley | President, led US to victory of Spanish-American War, fostered domestic prosperity |
| Teddy Roosevelt | President, energetic, square deal, "Big Stick" policy, large military, conservation |
| Yellow Journalism | Newspaper style emphasizing sensationalism and exaggeration to increase sales |
| USS Maine | US Navy battleship sunk after an explosion, primary catalyst for the Spanish-American War |
| Spanish-American War | US intervened in Cuba to protect US interests there, but Spain didn't like it, and eventually US won, signing Treaty of Paris, giving Cuba ind. Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippenes to US |
| Platt Amendment | Made Cuba a US protectorate and allowed US military presence in Cuba |
| Teller Amendment | Agreement that US would not permanently control Cuba, assured Cuban independence, later sort of reversed by another amendment |
| Battle of San Juan Hill | The decisive and bloodiest land victory for US during the Spanish-American War |
| Philippine-American War | Happened after Treaty of Paris where US gained control over Philippines, but they wanted self governance |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | The leader of the Philippine-American War's Filipino uprising, using guerilla warfare |
| Insular Cases | US Supreme Court decisions that established the legal framework for how the constitution applies to US territories |
| White man's burden | The idea that Westerners have a moral obligation to "civilize" and govern non-white populations |
| American exceptionalism | The belief that the US is inherently unique or morally superior to other nations, so they must be right. |
| Panama Canal | An artificial waterway built to project US military power and reduce maritime shipping times |
| Square deal | Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, consisting of three C's, Control of Corporations, Consumer Protection, and Conservation of Natural Resources |
| Conservationism | sustainable management, protection, and regulated use of natural resources |
| Booker T. Washington | A prominent African American educator, author, and civil rights leader, focused on helping Black people learn and gain economic independence |
| The Jungle + FDA | Started with the Pure Food and Drug Act, mandating food and drugs be branded and labeled correctly, safeguarded public health |
| Annexation of Hawaii | US sugar planters unlawfully overthrew the queen, then later Grover Cleaveland annexed the islands |
| Dole company | Large pineapple company that benefited greatly from the annexation of Hawaii |
| Pearl harbor | A surprise military attack on a naval base in Hawaii, the end of isolationism in US, and led to declaration of war against Japan |
| Queen Lili'uokalani | The queen of the Hawaiian kingdom, forcibly overtaken by US elites backed by US troops, eventually leading to Hawaii's annexation |
| War bonds | Government issued loans from people to finance military operations and control inflation |
| CPI | Consumer price index, measures the average change over time in prices paid by consumers, used to calculate inflation |
| Great Migration | The mass movement of about 6 million Black Americans from rural South to urban centers in the North and West |
| Zimmerman Telegram | An intercepted telegram from Germany to Mexico asking them for help if US entered WW1, promised to help get back lost territories |
| Alice Paul | A suffragist, feminist, and campaigner, primary leader behind the campaign for 19th amendment and authored the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) |
| 19th Amendment | Legally guarantees American women the right to vote |
| Schenk vs. USA | A ruling that determined that speech intended to result in a crime is not protected if it poses a direct threat to a nation |
| Sedition act | Federal legislation enacted to punish speech or acts deemed disloyal or threatening to the US, passed during WW1 to stop anti-war activists |
| Espionage Act | A federal law passed during WW1 criminalizing the conveyance of national defense info to aid adversaries, but also used to silence people who opposed the draft |
| Riot of 24th infantry | Violent mutiny by soldiers from the all-Black battalion, they faced much racism and abuse from houston police, so armed soldiers marched |
| Lusitania | British ocean liner torpedoed by a German U-boat, shifted US sentiment and set the stage for entry into WW1 |
| Native Americans in WW1 | Native Americans fought in WW1 although they didn't have legal citizenship, and were perceived as being warriors and were placed in dangerous roles |
| Treaty of versailles | A peace agreement ending WW1, blames Germany, negotiated by Woodrow Wilson |
| Great Gatsby | A book documenting a critical social history of Prohibition-era America during the Jazz Age |
| Pierre DuPont | Industrialist, philanthropist, and president of his company that had early investments in GM (became president) |
| Henry Ford | Industrialist and founder of Ford Motor Company, pioneered the moving assembly line and mass-production techniques making the model-T accessible |
| Walter Chrysler | Industrialist who founded the Chrysler corporation, and financed the Chrysler building |
| William Boeing | Aviation pioneer and industrialist, founded Pacific Aero Products Company |
| Consumer Credit | Borrowing of funds by individuals to purchase goods and services to be repaid over time, caused a lot of overspending in Roaring 20s |
| Charlie Chaplin | English comic actor and filmmaker who defined early Hollywood, used slapstick comedy and social commentary to reflect struggles of working class |
| Flapper | Rebellious young women in the 1920s known for sexual freedom and dancing |
| The Charleston | A dance named after Charleston SC |
| Harlem Renaissance | intellectual and cultural revival of African American art, literature, music, and theater during the 1920s |
| Langston Hughes | Pioneering African American poet, playwrite, and social activist |
| Louis Armstrong | African American trumeter, vocalist, and bandleader, often called the first great jazz soloist |
| Jazz | American musical genre born in the African-American communities of New Orleans |
| Automobiles | Self-propelled motor vehicles providing freedom and mobility |
| Great Depression | The longest and most severe economic downturn in modern history |
| Credit/lending | A system where consumers and businesses obtain money or goods with the agreement to pay for them later |
| Speculation | A high risk practice of buying assets purely in the hopes of selling them later at a much higher price. Caused artificial inflation in 1920s |
| Black tuesday | The day when the US stock market crashed |
| Herbert Hoover | President, inaugurated at the beginning of the Great Depression and blamed for not doing enough to help US recover |
| Invisible hand | The idea that self-interested individuals in a free-market economy promote the public good, like with supply and demand (no govm intervention needed) |
| Hooverville | Shantytowns built by the poor and unemployed across the US during the Great Depression, blaming Herbert Hoover |
| Bonus army | A group of demonstrators who converged on DC demanding early cash redemption of military service certificates |
| Irving Fisher | mathematical economist, especially interested in interest rates. Known for his insistence that the stock market crash wasn't a big deal |
| Roger Babson | Financial statistician, known for predicting the Wall Street Crash of 1929 |
| John M Keynes | Known for Keynesian economics, arguing that governments should intervene in markets during economic downturns by increasing public spending and lowering tax |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | President, elected four terms, New Deal to fight Great Depression, led US to victory in WW2, contracted polio |
| fireside chats | FDR radio addresses using a calm and informal tone to explain policies and offer hope to the US people |
| Banks runs/holiday | Financial crisis where large number of customers want their deposits but they deplete the banks liquid cash reserves. Holidays are govm closures of all financial inst. to prevent runs |
| glass-steagall Act | Separated commercial banking from investment banking and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation so some savings are protected by government |
| banking act (1935) | FDR law restructuring the Federal Reserve System, centralizing monetary policy, created Federal Open Market Committee, solidified some deposit insurance |
| SEC | Securities and Exchange Commission, independent federal government agency to regulate markets and trading, preventing manipulation and insider trading |
| Federal reserve | The government's bank, regulating monetary policy, monitors stability of the financial system, and sets interest rates |
| AAA | Agricultural Adjustment Administration, New Deal program to boost struggling crop prices by subsidizing farmers to reduce production |
| FERA | Federal Emergency Relief Administration, New Deal, provided immediate financial relief, food, and employment after Great Depression |
| CWA | Civil Works Administration, temporary New Deal job-creation program to create manual labor jobs building public infrastructure |
| PWA | Public Works Administration, New Deal, construction of large-scale public projects to reduce unemployment and stimulate the economy |
| CCC | Civilian Conservation Corps, voluntary public work relief program, New Deal, employed young men, sent money back home, worked in conservation |
| FHA | Federal Housing Administration, US agency during the Great Depression to stimulate the housing market and expand homeownership by insuring mortgages issued by private lenders |
| Hoover Dam | Concrete dam on the Colorado River, controlled river flooding, provided irrigation, and generated hydroelectric power to stimulate growth in Southwest |
| Grand Coulee | New Deal hydroelectric project on the Columbia River that spurred economic recovery, provided irrigation, and powered WW2 defense industries |
| Bay Bridge | Construction gave jobs to people |
| SFO Airport | Construction gave jobs to people |
| Wagner Act | Labor law that gives employees the right to organize, form trade unions, and bargain collectively |
| Social security Act | New Deal, provided economic protection for social insurance for retirees, unemployed, and disadvantaged Americans |
| Marginal Tax Rate | The percentage of tax you pay on your last dollar of income, tax brackets for different earnings |
| Adolph Hitler | Dictator of Nazi Germany, the central instigator of WW2 and the Holocaust |
| Munich Conference | Meeting where Britain and France agreed to Nazi Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia |
| appeasement | A diplomatic strategy of making concessions to an aggressive power to avoid conflict |
| Neville Chamberlain | British Prime Minister who had the policy of appeasement which tried to prevent war with Hitler |
| Neutrality Act | US laws preventing the US from being drawn into foreign conflicts by banning arms sales, loans, and army transport to warring nations |
| Charles Lindbergh | American aviator who completed the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean, and was an advocate for isolationism before WW2 |
| Destroyers-for-bases | A deal between the US and UK where the US transferred WW1 naval destroyers and we were allowed to establish military and naval bases in their territories |
| Lend-lease Act | Allows the president to lend or lease weapons, food, and military equipment to any nation deemed vital to the defense of the US |
| Executive order 9066 | FDR's directive authorizing US military to forcibly remove any civilian from an area and ended up with them incarcerating Japanese-Americans (Pearl Harbor fear) |
| Manzanar | One of the first of 10 US concentration camps where Japanese-Americans were incarcerated |
| Henry Kaiser | Industrialist and philanthropist, known for contributions to manufacturing, ship building, infrastructure, and healthcare |
| Code Talkers | Native Americans who used their indigenous languages to send secret unbreakable tactical messages on the battlefield |
| Battle of Iwo Jima | WW2 campaign where US forces captured the Japanese island of Iwo Jima, providing a landing strip for US bombers |
| Korematsu Vs USA | Supreme Court case where the court upheld the constitutionality of E.O. 9066 |
| Rosie the Riveter | Cultural icon representing women who worked in factories, shipyards, and manufacturing plants during WW2 after men enlisted in the military |
| Richmond, CA | WW2 manufacturing hub and birthplace of Kaiser Permanente |
| Double V | A campaign advocating for victory against fascism abroad and fighting against racism and discrimination at home against African Americans |
| Executive order 8802 | An order that banned racial and ethnic discrimination in the US defense industry and government agencies |
| GI Bill (1944) | A set of US laws providing education, housing, and financial assistance to military veterans returning from war, helping WW2 veterans transition to regular life |
| Operation overlord | Codename for the Allied invasion of Nazi-controlled Western Europe during WW2, led by Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Battle of midway | A decisive naval battle where US navy ambushed and defeated the Imperial Japanese Navy |
| Island hopping | A military strategy where the US and Allies captured strategic islands on the way to Japan for military camps and to cut off Japanese supply lines |
| Kamikaze | Japanese suicide pilots in WW2 who intentionally crashed explosive filled planes into Allied naval targets |
| Manhattan project | Top secret US research and development during WW2 of the worlds first atomic bombs |
| Enola Gay | A Superfortress bomber that dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima Japan, named after the pilot's mother |
| B-29 | The Enola Gay Superfortress that dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima Japan |
| Little boy + Fat Man | Code names for the two atomic bombs made by the US, Little boy used on Hiroshima, Fat Man used on Nagasaki |
| Curtis LeMay | US Air Force General known for designing the strategic bombing campaign in Japan and Germany |
| Tokyo Firebombing | The aerial bombardment of the Japanese capital led by Curtis LeMay, suing low-level incendiary attacks |
| Proxy War | A conflict where opposing major powers fight through instigating, funding, and arming local factions to do fighting in a different place |
| Containment | The idea of preventing the spread of communism and Soviet expansion by containing communism |
| Vietnam War | A Cold War conflict that pitted communist government of North Vietnam against the US backed Southern Vietnam |
| Korean War | Cold War conflict between Communist North Korea backed by China and Soviet Union and democratic South Korea backed by United Nations and US |
| Marshall plan | A foreign aid program to help rebuild Western Europe after WW2 |
| Truman Doctrine | A foreign policy stating that the US would provide political, military, and economic assistance to democratic nations under threat of authoritarian forces |
| Gulf of Tonkin | Two naval confrontations between the US Navy and North Vietnam, escalation to direct military involvement in the Vietnam War |
| Douglas Macarthur | American general, leader in the UN forces during the early Korean War, and helped reconstruct Japan after fighting in WW2 |
| Berlin Airlift | US and British operation that flew food, fuel, and supplies into West Berlin after a Soviet blockade of all access to city |
| MAD | Mutually assured destruction, Cold War doctrine of nuclear deterrence (nuclear war would destroy the world) |
| NATO/Warsaw | NATO and the Warsaw Pact were opposing military alliances that defined the Cold War |
| NSC-68 | Top-secret policy paper presented to Harry S. Truman, restructuring American foreign policy from containment to aggressive strategy to counter soviets |
| Loyalty-Security | Federal programs and policies used to identify and remove individuals suspected of harboring subversive or disloyal ideologies |
| Hollywood Ten | A group of prominent motion-picture producers cited for contempt of Congress and blacklisted after refusing to answer questions about accused Communist Party affiliations |
| McCarthyism | The political practice of making baseless, indiscriminate accusations of disloyalty and subversion, or claiming anyone who dissaggrees with you is communist |
| Eisenhower | American general and President, known for directing Allied victory in Europe during WW2 and Cold War leadership |
| U2 Spy plane | A high-altitude spy plane used by the Air Force but shot down over Soviet Union pushing back Cold War negotiations, and govm lied to citizens, leading to embarrassment |
| Bay of pigs | A failed CIA-sponsored military invasion of Cuba |
| John F Kennedy | President, New Frontier domestic policies, firm stance during Cold War |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | A confrontation between the US and USSR where the Soviets installed nuclear missiles in Cuba, threatening to escalate the Cold War to nuclear warfare |
| Vietnam Draft | A system of conscription to send men age 18 to 26 to the Vietnam war, determined by birthday |
| Operation Rolling Thunder | America's strategy in vietnam, to keep bombing them like they did in Japan (Failed) |
| My Lai Massacre | US Army soldiers brutally murdered and raped women and children in South Vietnam |
| Guerilla Warfare | Military tactics used by smaller irregular forces to use surprise, traps, sabotages, ambushes, and hit-and-run tactics to exhaust the enemy |
| Fall of saigon | The capture of South Vietnam's capital by the North Vietnamese Army, marking the military defeat of the South and the end of Vietnam War |
| Pentagon papers | Top secret Department of Defense study detailing military involvement in Vietnam that revealed government lies about the war |
| Nixon tapes | A collection of secret audio recordings of Nixon's meetings and calls, provided evidence that implied Nixon in Watergate |
| Walter Cronkite | American broadcast journalist, covered the Watergate scandal, Vietnam, and was a very good host |
| Anti-war protest | Organized public demonstrations that challenge the government's decision to start or continue an armed conflict |
| John Kerry | President, Vietnam war veteran, anti-war activist, and global climate diplomatic |
| Dr. King | Dr.Martin Luther King Jr. civil rights activist and minister, leader of the civil rights movement, called for nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience |
| John Lewis | American labor leader who was president of the United Mine Workers of America, helped mass-production workers gain wages and benefits |
| Mont. Bus Boycott | A mass protest where African Americans in Alabama refused to ride city buses, sparked by Rosa Parks, and became a catalyst for the American Civil Rights Movement |
| Freedom riders | Civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated American South to violate Jim Crow laws by sitting in mixed-race pairs and using white only facilities |
| Greensboro sit-ins | nonviolent civil rights protests where Black college students sat down in the whites only lunch counter and refused to give up their seats, inspiring others to do the same |
| March to selma | Civil rights protests in Alabama led by activists which highlighted Black voter suppression and it directly led to the Voting Rights Act |
| Bull connor | Alabama's Commissioner of Public Safety, symbol of segregationist resistance and police brutality by attacking peaceful civil rights demonstrators |
| SNCC | Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, youth-led organization that mobilized thousands of students to do demonstrations and walk-outs like the children's march |
| SCLC | Southern Christian LEadership Conference, African-American civil rights organization founded by MLK Jr to coordinate protest groups |
| March on Washington | Civil rights rally where people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial to demand an end to racial segregation, secure economic opportunity, and civil rights legislation |
| Voting Rights Act | A civil rights law signed by Lyndon B Johnson to enforce the 15th amendment and prohibit racial discrimination in voting |
| Civil Rights Act | Legislation that ended segregation in public places, banned employment discrimination based on race, sex, or religion |
| Thurgood Marshall | American civil rights lawyer and first African American Associate Justice of the Supreme court, founded NAACP, argued for Brown V. Board of education |
| Brown Vs Board of Education | A Supreme Court ruling that determined that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional |
| Rosa Parks | A Civil Rights activist who refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus which sparked boycotts and the civil rights movement too |
| Non-violent protest | The practice of achieving social or political reform through peaceful, symbolic, and collective action |
| George Wallace | Governor of Alabama and politician who fought against desegregation |
Created by:
user-1836668