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Stack #4686289
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Jamestown 1607 | The first permanent English settlement in North America. Most settlers died during winter. |
| Mayflower compact, 1620 | Written agreement created by the Pilgrims upon their arrival in Plymouth. It was the first written constitution adopted in North America. |
| Boston Tea Party 1773 | A protest against British tax policy, organized by the sons of liberty. Showcase the rising opposition of American settlers against England that will result in the American Revolution. |
| Thomas Paine and Common Sense 1776 | A book that drove the point that people should call for independence from England |
| Bill of Rights 1791 | The first ten amendments to the Constitution explicitly guaranteeing all Americans basic rights. Helped reassure people with fears of the government taking away people’s rights |
| Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 | Two security acts passed in 1798 by the Federalist controlled congress. In response, Jefferson and Madison encouraged states to pass resolutions that would counter this violation of the Bill of Rights. |
| Marburg v Madison 1803 | A Supreme Court decision in 1803 penned by Chief Justice John Marshall. Established the authority of the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of federal laws, also known as judicial review. |
| Louisiana Purchase 1803 | The U.S. government’s 1803 purchase from France of the vast territory stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from New Orleans to present-day Montana, doubling the size of the nation. |
| Jefferson’s Embargo 1807 | An act passed in 1807 that prohibited American ships from leaving their home ports until Britain and France repealed restrictions on U.S. trade and ceased British impressment of American sailors, it had a devastating impact on American commerce. |
| The American System 1815 | A national economic plan proposed by Henry Clay to promote the economy by combining federally funded internal improvements to aid farmers while protecting manufacturers by placing high tariffs on imported goods. |
| Missouri Compromise, 1820 | A compromise generated to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states in the U.S. Senate. Helped die down conflicts between the North and South, though debates made clear how quickly a disagreement over slavery could escalate. |
| Monroe Doctrine, 1823 | The assertion by President James Monroe that the Western Hemisphere was part of the U.S. sphere of influence and off limits to future European colonization. it signaled an intention to challenge Europeans for authority in the Americas. |
| Trail of Tears, 1838 | The forced march following the Indian Removal Act of Cherokees from Georgia to areas west of the Mississippi River that were designated as Indian Territory. Following this, Seneca Indians petitioned the federal government to stop their removal. |
| Manifest Destiny first used, 1845 | The term coined by John L. O’Sullivan to describe the nation’s God-given right to expand its borders across the North American continents. Throughout the nineteenth century, this concept of was used to justify U.S. territorial and cultural expansion. |
| Mexican-American War, 1846 | The 1846–1848 war between the United States and Mexico, resulting in the transfer of approximately one million square miles of land to the United States |
| Seneca Falls convention, 1848 | First convention focused explicitly on women’s rights, organized by Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and others. The convention resulted in 100 participants signing the Declaration of Sentiments, which called for women’s equality in everything. |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe and Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 | The novel revolves around Uncle Tom, an enslaved saintly black man, who is treated poorly by his cruel devilish master. Meant to publicize the evils of slavery |
| Creation of the Republican Party, 1854 | A political party formed in 1854 that was committed to stopping the expansion of slavery and that advocated economic development and internal improvements. Would go on to be one of the driving forces behind the Civil War, on the side of the Union |
| Dred Scott v Sandford 1857 | a Supreme Court decision, centered on Dred Scott and his family. In its ruling, the Court denied the claim that Black men had rights, ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, and blocked Congress from excluding slavery from any territory |
| Southern Secession 1860-1861 | Southern states separating from the Union to form the Confederacy following failed compromises. This secession was mainly caused by the Southern states fearing the loss of slavery. The creation of the Confederacy cemented the upcoming Civil War |
| Homestead Act, 1862 | Granted free 160-acre lots to western settlers, on condition that they live on and farm their land for at least five years, as an incentive for western migration. The act drove more people to expand west, |
| Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 | The proclamation by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863, that declared all enslaved people in areas still in rebellion “forever free” based on his legal authority as commander in chief during wartime. |
| Freedman’s Bureau, 1865 | Federal agency created in 1865 to provide freedpeople with economic, educational, and legal resources.The Freedmen’s Bureau played an active role in shaping Black life in the postwar South through the 1870s. |
| Fourteenth Amendment, 1868 | A constitutional amendment granting citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law to all persons born in the United States.This amendment overturned the Dred Scott ruling and was aimed at protecting the rights of freedpeople. |
| Transcontinental Railroad completed, 1869 | A railroad linking the East and West Coasts of North America. The railroad facilitated the flow of migrants and the development of economic connections between the West and the East and symbolized American industrial and economic achievement. |
| Haymarket square riot, 1886 | A labor rally in Haymarket Square in Chicago that resulted in violence, including the deaths of several police officers. The carnage was blamed on the supposedly radical nature of the labor movement and contributed to the demise of the Knights of Labor. |
| Jacob Riis published How the Other Half Lives, 1890 | A novel that highlighted the dangerous conditions that plagued tenement families due to their home, specifically in New York’s Lower East Side. Pioneered photojournalism to cover the slums of New York and enforce tenement reforms in the Progressive Age |
| Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 | A Supreme Court ruling that upheld the legality of Jim Crow legislation. The Court ruled that as long as states provided “separate but equal” facilities, Jim Crow laws did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment |
| NAACP organized, 1909 | An organization founded to fight for racial equality. The NAACP strategy focused on fighting discrimination through the courts, and it became the leading civil rights organization for Black Americans in the twentieth century |
| 19th Amendment, 1920 | The amendment to the Constitution granting women the right to vote, passed in 1919 and ratified into law in 1920. Was the result of an international suffrage movement, from New Zealand to Australia to Norway, that called for woman voting rights |
| Bonus march, 1932 | World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand immediate payment of their service bonuses. President Hoover refused to negotiate and instructed the U.S. army to clear the capital of protesters, leading to a violent clash. |
| First New Deal, 1933 | The policies and programs that Franklin Roosevelt initiated to combat the Great Depression. It represented an expansion of the role of government in American society, and its provisions were often categorized as either relief, recovery, or reform efforts. |
| Dust Bowl, 1935 | Name for the southern plains of the United States during the Great Depression, when the region experienced devastating dust storms due to soil erosion caused by poor farming practices and drought. |
| Social Security Act, 1935 | The landmark act that created retirement pensions for most Americans funded by payroll taxes.Revolutionized the expectations of American workers |
| Pearl Harbor, 1941 | The Japanese surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet stationed at Pearl Harbor near Honolulu, Hawaii. The attack abruptly ended isolationism by prompting U.S. entry into World War II. |
| Japanese-American internment, 1942 | The imprisonment of Japanese-American people, due to fear of Japanese spies during WW2. Resulted in many people taken to lose their homes, jobs, and personal belongings. Even after being released from internment, many struggled to rebuild their lives |
| "Iron Curtain" speech, 1946 | A term coined by Winston Churchill in a 1946 speech to describe the ideological and political divide between the communist Soviet Union and the non-communist Western world. Reassured a common consensus of resisting the Soviet Union in hopes to not spa |
| Truman Doctrine, 1947 | The U.S. pledge during the Truman administration to provide political, military, and economic aid to all democratic countries under threat of communism from internal or external sources. |
| Brown v. the Board of Education, 1954 | A landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that led to the desegregation of schools. Overturned the “separate but equal” principle established by Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. |
| Interstate Highway Act, 1956 | An act that authorized the creation of a 41,000 mile interstate and defense highway system that spreads across America It became the largest public works project in American history and resulted in the creation of more roads and suburbs |
| Greensboro sit-ins, 1960 | A series of nonviolent protests that began when four Black college freshmen sat at a whites-only F.W. Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro, North CarolinaLead to a nationwide movement of people protesting with sit-ins across America. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 | A confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, when American deployments of nuclear missiles were matched by Soviet deployments of nuclear missiles in Cuba. It marked the closest the world has come to a full on nuclear war. |
| March on Washington, 1963 | An August 28, 1963 rally by civil rights organizations in Washington, D.C. that brought increased national attention to the civil rights movement. Was the rally where Martin Luther King Jr. held his famous “I Have A Dream” speech |
| Voting Rights Act, 1965 | A 1965 act that eliminated literacy tests and other measures commonly used at the time in southern states to prevent Black Americans from voting. The act resulted in dramatic increases in Black voter participation. |
| Tet Offensive, 1968 | An offensive mounted by Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces specifically targeting population centers across South Vietnam. The offensive was turned back, but its initial success surprised many Americans and increased public opposition to the war. |
| Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated, 1968 | MLK was assassinated on April 4th at the Lorraine Hotel in Memphis, Tennessee. Killed by James Earl Ray. Resulted in civil unrest, causing the King Assassination Riots and exponentiate the passing of the Fair Housing Act |
| Neil Armstrong walked on the moon, 1969 | Astronaut from the Apollo 11 mission walking on the moon once landing. Marked the first time a human has walked on the moon; ended the Space Race with the Soviet Union |
| Vietnamization, 1969 | President Richard Nixon’s strategy of turning over greater responsibility for the fighting of the Vietnam War to the South Vietnamese army. Served as the US’s exit plan from the Vietnam War, as well as a switch up from the Cold War’s foreign policies |
| Pentagon Papers, 1971 | A classified report on U.S. involvement in Vietnam leaked to the press. The report confirmed that the Kennedy and Johnson administrations had misled the public about the origins and nature of the Vietnam War. |
| Roe v. Wade, 1973 | The Supreme Court decision that women have a right to an abortion based on an implied right to privacy in the Fourteenth Amendment. Was marked as a victory for the Women’s Rights Movement, however the controversy surrounding abortion remained |
| Iranian hostage crisis, 1979-81 | A 444-day diplomatic standoff between the United States and Iran where American hostages were taken by a group of Iranian students at the US Embassy in Tehran. The event fractured U.S.-Iran relations, as well paralyzed the presidency of Jimmy Carter |
| Iran-Contra scandal, 1987 | A scandal during the Reagan administration involving the secret funneling of funds from an illegal arms-for-hostages deal with Iran to the Nicaraguan Contras in the mid-1980s in violation of the Boland Amendment |
| Berlin Wall torn down, 1989 | The wall fell due to public unrest of limited freedom of travel, a weakening Soviet Union, and a slip up by Günter Schabowski claiming East Germans could cross the border. The fall marked the end of the “iron curtain“, Soviet communism, and the Cold War |
| Internet, 1990s | A worldwide, interconnected computer communication network; originally started as a U.S. military communication system in the 1970s. Its creation paved the way for technological advancements, mainly for communication, for the years to come |
| Persian Gulf War, 1991 | A conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States. The war established the US as a global power pioneered modern military technology, and set lasting precedents for international coalitions responding to regional aggression |
| Y2K Scare, 2000 | A widespread fear of technology failures throughout the nation due to the new millennium and how technology of the time recorded the year. However, once the new millennium came, nothing happened |
| September 11th terrorist attacks, 2001 | Several planes were hijacked by members of Al-Qaeda and were used to crash into and destroy buildings, most notably the Twin Towers in New York, causing nearly 3,000 deaths. The tragedy would kickstart the War on Terror |
| Hurricane Katrina, 2005 | A storm that hit the Gulf coast states of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama in 2005. The hurricane caused major flooding in New Orleans after levees broke, resulting in approximately 1,800 deaths. |
| election of President Obama, 2008 | President Obama was elected as the 44th president of the United States; won against Republican candidate John McCain. Became the first black president in the United States |
| United States v. Windsor, 2013 | A landmark United States Supreme Court civil rights case concerning same-sex marriage; Windsor had sued the US government for denying her claim the federal estate tax exemption for surviving spouses due to her same sex marraige |
| Reagan Administration practicing) Supply-side economics | The economic theory that tax cuts and industry deregulation raise wages and lower unemployment, thereby promoting economic growth. Sig: It became the dominant economic framework in the United States during the 1980s under President Ronald Reagan |
| outcome of ) The Economic Recovery Act of 1981 | An act signed into law by President Ronald Reagan in 1981 that slashed income and estate taxes, especially on those in the highest income brackets. |
| Reagan presidency/administration | The administration ran under President Reagan from January 20, 1981 to January 20, 1989. Defined by a massive shift toward conservative economic policies, substantial military buildup, and aggressive anti-communist foreign policy |
| who is) Sandra Day O’Connor | An American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. Was the first woman to serve as a US Supreme Court justice |
| Japan and West Germany | Main economic competitors to America in the world market in the 1980s |
| Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States | members of the) G8 |
| To eliminate trade and investment barriers between the United States, Canada, and Mexico | why was) NAFTA (created) |
| The United States, Canada, and Mexico | which countries signed the) North American Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA] in 1993? |
| Search for cheaper sources of labor, alongside the end of the Cold War, rise of the commercial internet, and widespread free-market policies | What else, besides corporations’ quest for new markets, allowed for globalization to advance in the 1990s? |
| significance of the World Wide Web when it debuted in 1991 | Transformed the internet from an obscure text-only network to an interconnected internet space accessible to anyone and everyone |
| the basis of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 | The principles of family reunification, skilled labor prioritization, and the abolition of discriminatory national-origins quotas |
| In the 1990s, conservatives expressed their belief that multiculturalism would… | Confer preferential treatment on minority groups, undermine national unity, and increase the difficulty of immigrants to acculturate to American society |
| what Congress trying to achieve when it passed) the USA Patriot Act of 2001 | To strengthen national security following the 9/11 terrorist attacks |
| how did) President Obama’s judicial appointments affect the composition of the U.S. Supreme Court? | Contributed to diversity within the U.S. Supreme Court, via selecting justices from different backgrounds, in order to increase the amount of different viewpoints amongst the court |
Created by:
mcgaughey27017