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Chemistry definition
chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lactic acid | produced in sour milk and yoghurt |
| Citric acid | found in lemons, oranges, grapefruits and other citrus fruits. It gives them their sour taste. This acid is also used in sweets like acid drops |
| Hydrochloric acid | your stomach produces this acid to help digest food |
| Indicators | are compounds that change color when they come into contact with acids or bases. This color change tells us whether a substance is acidic or basic without us having to touch or taste it. |
| bases | are the chemical opposite of acids. While acids turn blue litmus red, bases turn red litmus blue. |
| alkali | When a base dissolves in water, it's called an |
| Mixture | is made up of two or more different substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined |
| Filtration | is a way to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. An insoluble solid is one that does not dissolve in the liquid. The method uses a special material, usually filter paper, that allows the liquid to pass through but stops the solid particles. |
| Evaporation | is the process where a liquid changes into a gas. We can use evaporation as a method to separate a dissolved solid from a liquid. |
| Distillation | is a method used to separate a liquid from a mixture by heating it to form vapour and then cooling the vapour to turn it back into liquid |
| Chromatography | is a method of separating mixtures of coloured substances in solution |
| Solvent | is a substance that dissolves other materials to form a solution. Water is the most common solvent, but others exist too (like alcohol). |
| Solute | is the substance that dissolves in the solvent. For example, when you add sugar to water, sugar is the solute. |
| Solution | forms when a solute dissolves in a solvent. It is a perfect mixture where the solute and solvent particles are evenly spread throughout. |
| soluble | When a substance dissolves in water |
| Suspension | is a mixture where small solid or liquid particles are suspended in a liquid (or gas). These particles do not dissolve and do not settle to the bottom unless left standing for a long time |
| Dilute solution | is one that contains a small amount of solute dissolved in a large amount of solvent. When you add lots of water to orange squash, you make it more dilute. |
| Concentrated solution | s one that contains a large amount of solute dissolved in a small amount of solvent. The orange squash in the bottle is concentrated. |
| Saturated solution | contains as much dissolved solute as possible at a given temperature. |
| Unsaturated solution | has not dissolved the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature. It could still dissolve more. |
| Solubility | of a substance is the mass of it (in grams) that will dissolve in 100 grams of solvent at a fixed temperature. |
| Crystallisation | is the formation of crystals when a hot saturated solution is cooled. |
| An element | is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by chemical methods. |
| A compound | is a substance made up of two or more different elements that are chemically combined together. |
| Matter | We define it as anything that occupies space and has mass. |
| The particle theory | This theory explains the properties of solids, liquids, and gases based on how their particles are arranged and move. |
| Particles in a solid | packed very closely together in fixed positions. They cannot move from place to place, but they do vibrate slightly. |
| Particles in a liquid | they are still close together, but they are not in fixed positions. The forces between the particles are not as strong as in solids, which allows the particles to slide over each other. |
| Particles in a gas | are much farther apart than in solids or liquids. They move around freely at high speeds in all directions. The forces between gas particles are very weak |
| Diffusion | is the process by which particles spread out from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Sublimation | Some substances can change directly from a solid to a gas without becoming a liquid first. |
| Reactants | are the starting materials in a chemical reaction |
| Products | are the substances formed |
| balanced chemical equation | has equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides of the equation |
| Law of conservation of mass | states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction - the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products |
| Rate of reaction | measures how quickly reactants are converted into products. It's calculated by dividing the change in concentration by the time taken. |
| Five factors | affect reaction rates: types of reactants, particle size (surface area), concentration, temperature, and catalysts. |
| Catalysts | are special substances that speed up reactions without being consumed. They can be used repeatedly. Enzymes are biological catalysts that control reactions in living organisms. |
| Biochemical reactions | occur in all living things and include vital processes like cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and digestion. |
| Hydrochloric acid | has the chemical formula HCl. This acid is commonly used in various laboratory experiments and industrial processes. When dissolved in water, it forms a highly acidic solution. |
| Sulfuric acid | has the chemical formula H2SO4 Like hydrochloric acid, it is a strong acid that dissolves readily in water to create very acidic solutions |
| Sodium hydroxide | has the chemical formula NaOH. It is commonly known by its everyday name, caustic soda. This substance is a strong base |
| Calcium hydroxide | has the chemical formula Ca(OH) 2. A solution of calcium hydroxide in water is called limewater |
| Titration | : This is a precise laboratory method used to prepare pure salts by carefully measuring the exact volumes of acid and base needed for complete neutralisation. |
| Exothermic reaction | is a chemical reaction that releases heat energy to the surroundings |
| Combustion reactions | All reactions involving the burning of fuels release heat. For example, burning coal or natural gas are exothermic reactions that we use for heating |
| Endothermic reaction | is a chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy from the surroundings |
| Activation energy | is the minimum energy that colliding particles must have for a chemical reaction to occur. |
| Energy profile diagrams | show how energy changes during a chemical reaction. The peak represents the activation energy, and the difference between reactants and products shows whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. |
| An atom | is the smallest particle of an element that still has all the properties of that element |
| Protons | are particles that carry a positive electrical charge. They are found at the centre of the atom in a region called the nucleus. |
| Neutrons | Are particles that have no electrical charge – they are neutral. Like protons, neutrons are also located in the nucleus at the centre of the atom |
| Electrons | are particles that carry a negative electrical charge. Unlike protons and neutrons, electrons are found outside the nucleus in a region called the electron cloud |
| Nucleas | is the central core of the atom where protons and neutrons are found. The nucleus is very small compared to the overall size of the atom |
| The electron cloud | Is the region surrounding the nucleus where electrons move around in paths called orbits or shells. |
| Groups | Are the vertical columns of elements. There are eight main groups, labelled with Roman numerals from I to VIII. Elements in the same group share similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. |
| Periods | are the horizontal rows of elements. There are seven periods in the periodic table, labelled n=1 through n=7. The period number tells you how many electron shells an atom of that element has. |
| An ion | is a charged atom or group of atoms. |
| Cations | are positively charged ions formed when atoms lose electrons |
| Anions | are negatively charged ions formed when atoms gain electrons |
| Metals | are found on the left and in the centre of the periodic table |
| Non metals | Are found of the right side |
| Metals | are typically solid, shiny, have high melting and boiling points, conduct heat and electricity well, and can be shaped (malleable and ductile). |
| Non-metals | generally have lower melting and boiling points, do not conduct electricity, are brittle when solid, and have a dull appearance. |
| Electrical conductivity | is the most reliable test to distinguish metals from non-metals: metals conduct electricity while non-metals do not. |
| Alloys | are mixtures of metals that often have superior properties to pure metals, such as increased strength and durability. |
| Rusting | requires both oxygen and water to occur, and can be prevented by creating a barrier through painting, oiling/greasing, or galvanising. |
Created by:
Luc25