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Concepts of Nursing
Chapter 14& 16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Direct Contact | Spreads from person to person |
| Contact Precaution | Gloves gown goggles |
| Indirect Contact | Spreads from person to object (Mode of transfer like a B/P cuff) |
| Transmission-Based Contact | Used to prevent the spread of known contact |
| Standard Precaution | Safety measures performed to prevent the spread of pathogens |
| Orthostatic Hypotension (Postural Hypotension) | When blood pressure changes (drops) when positions of lying flat or reclining changes. (Feelings of dizziness or lightheadedness) |
| Disinfectant | Used to clean surfaces in the healthcare setting (Will remove most pathogens) |
| World Health Organization (WHO) | Worldwide organization that sets guidelines encompassing situations that could be encountered in countries with limited resources (Recommendations regarding hand hygiene) |
| Droplet Transmission | Transmitted from respiratory system from one person to another through small droplets |
| Examples of Droplet Transmission | Sneezing, coughs, talking; strep throat,flu, meningitis,and pneumonia |
| Transmission-Based Precautions | Contact-Put on gloves, gown, and use standard precautions Droplet-Put on mask(Patient uses N-95) and use standard precautions Airborne-Put on fitted N-95 mask or higher respirator, negative pressure room and us standard precautions |
| Ebola 1st case found in African 1976 (No treatment) | Transmitted by blood, secretion, and large respiratory droplet exposure |
| Zika Virus 1st case found in African 1952 | Transmitted by Aedes mosquitos (Causes headaches, muscle aches, fever) |
| Airborne Transmission | Infection particles that are so small they can float through the air |
| Examples of Airborne Transmission | TB, Chicken Pox, COVID |
| Microorganism | Infections in humans that are called pathogens and can not be seen without a microscope. |
| Pathogen | Microorganism that causes infection in humans (Reproduce rapidly and can spread from one person to another) |
| Normal Flora | Protect us from harmful pathogens and help us breakdown and digest food |
| Contractor | A permanent shortening of the muscle, joint, and tendon (Make it harder to move normally) |
| Fowlers Position | Patient lying in bed with head elevated |
| Left Lateral Position | On the left side with right knee and hip flexed (For rectal exams and medication administration) |
| Semi Prone Position | Partly on the stomach and partly on the side |
| Semi Fowlers Position =45 degree | On your back with is head raised 45 degrees (Half sitting for breathing, eating, and comfort) |
| Right Semi-Prone | On the right side with left leg flexed (To relieve pressure off coccyx and sacrum) |
| Low Fowlers= 30 degree | The head of the bed is elevated to 30 degrees (To prevent aspiration during tube feeding) |
| Trendelenburg | Foot of the bed raised higher than the head |
| Reverse Trendelenburg | The head of bed is higher than foot |
| Dorsal Recumbent | On the back with knees bent and feet flat on the bed (For physicals of abdomen,labor, perineal & genitalia exam |
| Lithotomy | On the back with knees flexed above hips and legs supported in stirrups (For physical exams) |
| Prone Position | Flat on stomach face down (To impove Oxygenation w/acute respiratory distress) |
| Position of function | Placing body in a natural usable alignment so it can work properly |
| Trochanter Roll | A rolled blanket or towel behind the outside hip/ thigh to keep the leg from turning outward (Lateral side of hip or thigh) |
| Pillow | Used to keep head in proper alignment w/the spine and reduce excessive pressure (Under head and shoulders in spine position) |
| Arm board | Used to prevent flexion of a joint when an IV catheter is near the joint (Wrist or elbow) |
| Trapeze Bar | Triangular device above an over bed frame to use for lifting some or all of weight of the bed (Moving up in bed) |
| Transfer Belt=Gait Belt | If a patient can bear partial or full weight this is used for transfers |
| Slide Boards | Use to transfer from stretcher to bed or bed stretcher |
| Slide Sheets | Used to transfer from bed to bed or stretcher to bed |
| Sit-To-Stand | Partial weight bearing used to transfer from bed to chair and chair to bed (For weak, older, or recovering from surgery) |
| Mechanical Lifts | Used for non-weight bearing. Staff cannot assist with transfering without the lift |
| Manual Transfer | Use proper body mechanics, know patients abilities, and use staff if need |
| Dangling | Sitting on the side of a bed with feet on floor or footstool |
| Blanket Roll | Used to support the back or soles of feet. (Place the blanket roll firmly at the back or soles of the feet) |
| Hand Roll | Use to maintain function of the hand or fingers with decreased movement (In palms of the hands) |
| Foot Splint | Maintains the position of the function of the feet with decreased movement and strength of the lower extremities |
| Stirrups | Positioning for surgery, pelvic exams, or labor |
| Transfer | Moving a person from one place to another |
| Syncope=Fainting | Temporary loss of consciousness |
| Log Roll | Turning a person in one straight unit (Head, shoulders, hips move together) |
| Shearing | When skin is pulled across muscle and bone in one direction while skin slides over another surface such as bed sheets in an opposite direction |
| High Fowler=90 degree | The head of bed is elevated 90 degrees (To eat and drink without risk of choking) |
| Orthopneic Position | Sitting upright and leaning forward to help breathing @ 90 degree (Severe respiratory distress allowing chest to expand to max capacity) |
| Fowlers | Facing up while on back |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis=DVT | Blood clots deep in the veins of legs |
| Venous Stasis | Pooling of blood in the veins of lower legs (Can lead to blood clots) |
| Dorsiflexion | Supine position, ankles flexed approx. 90 degrees, and feet pointing towards the ceiling |
| Plantar Flexion | If toes are pointed towards the foot of the bed (Dorsiflexion is lost) |
| Foot Drop | Permanent plantar flexion whereas feet/foot are pointed towards the bed |
| Passive ROM | Exercises done with nurse providing proper support |
| Active ROM | Exercises done without assistance at all |
| Range Of Motion=ROM | Exercises of joints at the points of attachment |
| Supine Position | Lying flat on back face up |
| Mechanical Ventilator=MV | A risk for developing MRSA |
| MRSA stands for | Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus- A bacteria that causes skin infection and is resistant to many antibiotics making it harder to treat |
| Medical Asepsis | Performed to prevent the spread of infection (Cleaning technique) |
| Multiple Drug Resistant Organism=MDRO | Bacteria that have mutated. (Resistant to many antibodies normally used to treat infection) |
| Surgical Asepsis | Maintaining a sterile environment |
| Sterile Technique | Performing procedures in a way that no pathogens will enter the patients body when inserting tubes or injections |
| Ventilator Associated Pneumonia=VAP | A type of HAI (Health Associated Infection) |
| Examples of MDRO | MRSA, VRE, C-Diff |
| VRE stands for | Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus |
| C-Diff stands for | Clostridioides Difficile- (Gram Positive Bacillus) Severe diarrhea. Overuse of antibiotics; messes with the normal Flora of the GI tract |
| 2 types of MRSA | HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA |
| Health-Associated Infection= (HAI) | An infection contracted while being treated in a healthcare environment |
| Community-Associated Infection= (CAI) | An infection accumulated before coming to a healthcare environment for treatment |
| Center For Disease Control and Prevention= (CDC) | A gov't agency that is responsible for tracking, regulating, and educating the public health issues |
| Affects on the body defense against infection | Age, Chemical Exposure, Chronic Illness, Lack of Exercise, Lack of Rest, Increased Stress, Non-intact Skin, and Poor Nutrition |
| 3 body defenses against infection | 1st-Primary 2nd-Secondary 3thr-Tertiary |
| Primary Body Defense | Skin, Mucous Membranes GI Tract, Urinary tract(Block or trap invading pathogens) |
| Secondary Body Defense | Inflammatory process, elevated temp.(101), complement cascade(Occurs at the cellular level in reaction to toxins secreted by invading pathogens) |
| Tertiary Body Defense=(Lymphocytes) | Involves white blood cells called Lymphocytes that fight against infection as either B or T cells. |
| Septicemia | Microorganisms that are multiplying in the blood |
| Systemic Infection | Infection that spreads throughout the /bloodstream body (From lungs to other organs) |
| Localized Infection | Infection that stays in one area (Lung infection) |
| Primary Infection | Initial infection caused by one pathogen only |
| Secondary Infection | Infection caused by a second different pathogen |
| Chain of Infection 1 Infecting Agent | Causative Organism (C-Diff) |
| Chain of Infection 2 Reservoir | Place organism grows (Patient 1) |
| Chain of Infection 3 Portal of Exit | Method of where organism leaves reservoir (B/M of patient 1) |
| Chain of Infection 4 Mode of transmission | Method of organism transfer (nurses hands because this organism is not killed with alcohol based hand gel) |
| Chain of Infection 5 Portal of Entry | Method where organism enters( Nurses or next nurses patients mouth) |
| Chain of Infection 6 Susceptible Host | Person of who's body it has entered (Nurse or nurses next patient) |
| Bacteria | One celled microorganism found everywhere including human bodies |
| Vector | Are transmitters. A bite from insects such as mosquitos, flies, or ticks |
| Viruses | Tiny parasites that live within the cell of a host and reproduce. (Eventually causing illness) |
| Protoza | Are single celled animals that live in water (Cause intestinal illness) |
| Fungi | May be made of one or more cells (Mold on bread or mushrooms growing in a yard) |
| Helminths=Parasitic Worms | Parasitic worms that can live in the digestive tract of humans |
| Pathogenic Microorganisms | Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protoza, Helminths |
| Infections do what? | Cause a variety of microorganisms |
| Gram Stain | A dark purple stain used when identifying which Coccus, Bacillus, or Spirillum |
| Purple or Blue colored Gram Stains are | Gram Positive Organisms |
| Red or Pink colored Gram Stains are | Gram Negative Organisms |
| Bacteria introduced into the urethra and migrate to the bladder cause what? | Urinary Tract Infections |
| Rickettsia are bacteria normally spread through what? | The vectors (bites) of insects |
| What is prescribed to treat infections caused by bacteria? | Antibiotics |
| Antibiotics do not work on what? | Viruses |
| Antibiotics will work on infections like what? | Strep Throat or Flu |
| Will antibiotics work on what actually caused Strep Throat or Flu? | No |
| Does everyone have MRSA? | Yes |
| What is Trichomonas Vaginalis or Trichomoniasis? | A common sexually transmitted disease |
| What are Helminths infestations treated with? | Anthelmintics (Designed to kill parasitic worms) |
| What is Staphylococcus Aureus | Boils, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Osteomyelitis, and MRSA-HA&CA forms |
| Streptococcus Group A= Gram Positive Coccus Examples are.. | Strep throat, ear infections, scarlet fever, and endocarditis |
| What rare strep throat can cause death? | Flesh Eating Strep |
| Escherichia Coli(EColi) (Gram Negative Bacillus) Examples are.. | Normally found in the colon but can cause infection in the urinary tract or other parts of the body(common cause is HA related) |
| Clostridium Perfringens (Gram Posistive Bacillus; Spore forming) | Gas Gangrene in contaminated wounds= Wet Gangrene |
| Dry Gangrene | Looks like Burned BarBQ. Toe can be found in the bed due to bone chard the toe off |
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia) is spread though what? | Ticks |
| Herpes Simplex is what? | Herpes virus 3 (Varicella-Zoster) |
| Herpes type 1 causes what? | Blisters |
| Herpes type 2 causes what? | Genital Herpes. Chicken Pox first then virus lies dormant in nerve endings. If reactivated in adults it can cause painful nerve endings Shingles |
| Herpes type 3 causes what? | Cause Shingles. Very painful blisters and drains. Drainage is contagious and if touch with broken skin can be contracted. |
| Influenza (Flu) symptoms are? | Aching muscles, fever, respiratory congestion, and cough |
| West Nile is a virus found in what? | Birds and spread by mosquitoes; can cause headaches and confusion |
| Microsporum Epidermophyton fungus is what? | Ringworm also called Tinea; found on skin or sclap |
| Candida Albicans (Yeast infections)are are called? | Thrush when found inside the mouth but are found in the vagina |
| Lack of activity causes what? | Immobility |
| Hazards of Immobility are | Blood clots, pneumonia,bone demineralization, kidney stones, constipation, pressure injuries, urinary retention, depression, contractures |
| What is Muscle Atrophy? | The muscle decreases in size, tone, and strength because of disuse |
| What is Osteoporosis | A condition that occurs from loss of bone minerals |
| Effects and complications of Immobility in the musculoskeletal system? | Muscle atrophy and contractures |
| Effects and complications of Immobility in the cardiovascular system? | Blood clots in extremeties |
| Effects and complication of Immobility in the respiratory system? | Atelectasis (Collaspe of the lung) |
| Effects and complication of Immobility in the gastrointestinal system? | Constipation |
| Effects and complication of immobility in the urinary system? | Urinary tract infection; Renal calculi |
| Effects and complications of Immobility in the integumentary system? | Pressure injuries |
| Effects and complications of Immobility in the neurological system? | Impaired level of consciousness; Confusion |
| Effects and complications of Immobility in the psychological department? | Depression, Anxiety, and Impaired Sleep |
| ROM stands for | Range Of Motion |
| What is Embolus? | A traveling blood clot |
| The order for listening to bowels sounds are.. | Right lower quadrants, right upper quadrant, left upper quadrants, left lower quadrants |
| Hypostatic Pneumonia is | aA type of lung infection that occurs when a person is immobile |
| Pressure Injury(Decubitus Ulcer) | The skin and underlying tissues that die(Skin breakdown) |
| Decubitus means to | Lie down |
| Semi Prone Position was formerly called what? | Sims Position |
| Dr Sims was accused of doing what? | Practicing on experimenting on enslaved women |
| Log rolling requires how many people? | At least 2 people |
| Always make sure the patient is wearing what? | Nonskid foot wear |
Created by:
Daarina Jones