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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ACETYLCHOLINE | A neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nerves onto organs and glands for resting and digesting. |
| What do muscles do for the body? | Allow the human body to move Provide stability Control body openings and passages Warm the body |
| SKELETAL MUSCLES | Comprised of skeletal striated muscle Are attached to bones through tendons |
| What tissue is found in the walls of hollow internal organs, such as the stomach, intestines and uterus? | SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE |
| CARDIAC STRIATED MUSCLE | Muscle of the heart that produces the atrial and ventricular contractoins that pump blood into the blood vessels |
| What happens when muscles contract? | Heat is released helping the bdy maintain healthy temp |
| SPHINCTER | A valve-like structure formed from circular bands of muscle. Sphincters are located around various body openings and passages. |
| What are the three types of muscle tissue? | SKELETAL STRIATED MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE CARDIA STRIATED MUSCLE |
| What is the name for the muscle cells muscle tissue is made of? | MYOCYTES |
| SARCOLEMMA | The cell membrane of a muscle cell |
| SARCOPLASM | The cytoplasm of a muscle cell |
| SACROPLASMIC RETICULUM | The endoplastic reticulum of a muscle cell |
| MYOFIBRILS | Long structures that fill the sacroplasm of a muscle fiber |
| STRIATIONS | Bands produced from the arrangement of filaments in myofibrils in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells |
| Muscle cells are controlled by motor neurons that release chemical substances called what? | NEUROTRANSMITTERS |
| What muscle cells is muscle tissue made of? | MYOCTYES |
| What are the muscle cells of skeletal straited muscle called because of their long lengths? | MUSCLE FIBERS |
| ACETYLCHOLINE | A neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nerves onto organs and glands for resting and digesting. Slows the heart rate. |
| What causes skeletal muscle to contract? | ACETYLCHOLINE |
| ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE | An enzyme w/in the nervous system that hydrolyzes acetylcholine to acetate and choline. |
| What enzyme in skeletal muscle breaks down acetylcholine allowing the muscle to relax? | ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE |
| What are the two-types of smooth muscle tissue? | MULTI-UNIT VISCERAL |
| MULTI-UNIT SMOOTH MUSCLE | Found in the iris of the eyes and in the walls of blood vessels. Contracts in response to neurotransmitters and hormones. |
| VISCERAL SMOOTH MUSCLE | Contains sheets of muscle cells that closely contact each other. Found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and uterus Respond to neurotransmitters |
| PERISTALSIS | Rythmic contraction that pushes substances throught tubes of the body. |
| How are cardiac muscle cells connected to each other? | INTERCALATED DISCS |
| INTERCALATED DISCS | Discs with tunnels that physically connect the cardia muscle cells. |
| What are the holding chambers of the heart that contract and relax together? | ATRIA |
| What are the pumping chambers of the heart that contract to send blood to the lungs and body? | VENTRICLES |
| ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) | a type of chemical energy Needed for sustained or repeated muscle contractions |
| What three ways do muscle cells make energy? | CREATINE PHOSPHATE GLYCOLYSIS AEROBIC RESPIRATION |
| CREATINE PHOSPHATE | A protein that stores extra phosphate groups Allows for rapid ATP production at the start of contraction. |
| GLYCOLYSIS | An energy-forming biochemical process that does not require oxygen and does not occur inside mitochondria. |
| LACTATE | A waste product that must be released from the cell. It is produced when a cell is low on oxygen and converts pyruvic acid. |
| AEROBIC RESPIRATION | An energy-forming biochemical process that requires oxygen and occurs inside mitochondria. |
| EPOC (Excess Postecercise Oxygen Consumption) | Oxygen debt The difference between the amount of oxgen used to make ATP at rest and after strenuos exercise. |
| MUSCLE FATIGUE | A condition in which a ckeletal muscle has lost its ability to contract. |
| What are the major organs that make up the muscular system? | SKELETAL MUSCLES |
| What are the major organs that make up skeletal muscle? | CONNECTIVE TISSUE STRIATED MUSCLE BLOOD VESSELS NERVES |
| What connective tissue coverings are associated with skeletal muscles? | FASCIA TENDON APONEUROSIS EPIMYSIUM PERIMYSIUM ENDOMYSIUM |
| FASCIA | Connective tissue located just below the skin that helps support and hold together muscles, bones, nerves, and blood vessels. |
| TENDON | Tough, cord-like structure made of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to bones. |
| APONEUROSIS | Tough, sheet-like structure made of dense connective tissue. It typically attaches muscles to other muscles. |
| EPIMYSIUM | A thin covering that is just deep to the fascia of a muscle. It surrounds the entire muscle. |
| PERIMYSIUM | A sheat of connective tissue surrounding a group of 10 to 100 muscle fibers. |
| ENDOMYSIUM | The connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle cells. |
| FASCICLE | Sections of a muscle divided by connective tissue called PERIMYSIUM. |
| PRIME MOVER aka AGONIST | The muscle responsible for most of the movement when a body movement is produced by a group of muscles. |
| SYNERGISTS | Muscle that helps the prime mover by stabilizing joints. |
| ANTAGONIST | A muscle that produces a movement opposit to the prime mover. |
| What body movements are produced by skeletal muscles? | FLEXION EXTENSION HYPEREXTENSION DORSIFELXION PLANTAR FLEXION ABDUCTION ADDUCTION ROTATION CIRCUMDUCTION PRONATION SUPINATION INVERSION EVERSION RETRACTION PROTRACTION ELEVATIONS DEPRESSION |
| FLEXION | Bending a body part or decreasing the angle of a joint |
| EXTENSION | straightening a body part ot increasing the angle of a joint |
| HYPEREXTENSION | Extending a body part past the healthy anatomical position |
| DORSIFLEXION | Moving the ankle to raise the top of the foot toward the leg and rest on the heel of the foot |
| PLANTAR FLEXION | Moving the ankle to raise the heel and stand on the tips of the toes |
| ABDUCTION | Moving a body part away from the midline of the body |
| ADDUCTION | moving a body part towatd the midlin eof the body |
| ROTATION | twisting a body part-for example, turning your head from side to side. |
| CIRCUMDUCTION | moving a body part in a circle-for example, moving your upper limb in a circular motion |
| PRONATION | turning the palm of the hand down or posteriorly; lying face down |
| SUPINATION | turning the plam of the hand up or anteriorly; lying face up |
| INVERSION | turning the sole of the foot medially |
| EVERSION | turning the sole of the foot laterally |
| RETRACTION | moving a body part posteriorly |
| PROTRACTION | moving a body part anteriorly |
| ELEVATION | vertically lifting a body part-for example, elevatin your shoulders in a shrugging gesture |
| DEPRESSION | vertically lowering a body part- for example, lowering your schoulders |
| STERNO/CLEIDO/MASTOID sternum/clavicle/mastoid | skeletal muscle pulls the head to one side when one contracts and pulls the head to the chest when both contract. |
| SPLENUS CAPITIS (head) | skeletal muscle rotates the head and allows it to bend to the side |
| FRONTALIS (frontal-pertaining to the frontal regions or forehead) | skeletal muscle raises the eyebrow |
| ORICULARIS ORIS (oris: oral region or mouth) | Skeletal muscle allows the lips to pucker |
| ORBICULARIS OCULI (oculi: eye) | skeletal muscle allows the eyes to close |
| ZYGOMATICUS (zgotmat:cheekbone or zygomatic bone) | skeletal muscle pulls the corners of the mouth up |
| PLATYSMA | skeletal muscle pulls the corners of the mouth down. |
| What are the skeletal muscles of the jaw that allow for mastication (chewing)? | MASSETER TEMPORALIS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PTERYGOIDS DIGASTRIC |
| MASSETER AND TEMPORALIS (masseter: as in mastication or chewing) (temporor :temple of temporal bone). | Skeletal muscles raise the mandible to close the mouth. |
| INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PTERYGOIDS | These skeletal muscles create side to side grinding movements of the mandible |
| DIAGSTRIC | Skeletal muscle lowers the mandible to open the mouth |
| What trunk skeletal muscles move the upper limbs? | PECTORALIS MAJOR PECTORALIS MINOR LATISSIMUS DORSI TRAPEZIUS |
| PECTORALIS MAJOR | Skeletal muscle pulls the arm across the chest, Also inwardle rotates and adducts the upper limb at the should joint. |
| PECTORALIS MINOR | Skeletal muscle pulls the scapula downward and forward. |
| LATISSIMUS DORSI Butterfly/back | Skeletal muscle acts to extend, adduct, and rotate the upper limb inward or at the shoulder joint. |
| TRAPEZIUS | skeletal muscle extends the neck and bends the neck to the side. It also raises and retracts the shoulder |
| What are the skeletal muscles of the trunk forming the abdominal wall? | EXTERNAL AND INTERANL OBLIQUES TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS RECTUS ABDOMINIS |
| EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL OBLIQUE (oblique: diagonal) | Skeletal muscles compress the abdominal wall |
| TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS (transveres: across) | Skeletal muscle also compresses the abdominal wall |
| RECTUS ABDOMINUS (rectus: erect) | Skeletal muscle acts to flex the vertebral column and compress he abdominal wall |
| What trunk muscles are involved in respiration? | DIAPHRAGM EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES |
| DIAPHRAGM | Skeletal muscle seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Its contraction causes inspiration-breathing in |
| EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES (inter:between, costo:rib) | The contractions of these skeletal muscles expand and then lower the ribs during breathing |
| What are the skeletal muscles of the upper limb? | DELTOID SUSBSCAPULARIS INFRASPINATUS |
| DELTOID | Three parts with different acctions; Anterior flexes inward, lateral part abdcuts upper limbs, posterior pat extends and outwardly rotates te upperlimb |
| SUBSCAPULARIS (sub: bellow, scapulo: shoulder blade) | Skeletal muscle rotates the upper limb inward at the shoulder joint |
| INFRASPINATUS (infra: below, spinat:spine) | Skeletal muscle rotates the upper limb outward at the shoulder joint |
| What are the skeletal muscles in the arm that move below the elbow joint? | BICEPS BRACHII BRACHIALIS TRICEPS BRACHII BRACHIORADIALIS |
| BICEPS BRACHII (bi:two, ceps: insertion, brachii:arm) | Skeletal muscle flexes the elbow joint and supinates the hand) |
| BRACHIALIS (brachii: arm) | Skeletal muscle flexes the elbow joint |
| TRICEPS BRACHII (tri: three, ceps: insertion, brachii:arm) | Extends the elbow joint |
| BRACHIORADIALIS (brachii: arm, radio:radius) | Flexes the elbow joint |
| What are the skeletal muscles in the forearm that move the joints within the hand? | SUPINATOR PRONATOR TERES FLEXOR CARPI RADIALS FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS PLAMARIS LONGUS FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS EXTENSOR CAPRI RADIALIS LONGUS AND BREVIS EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS EXTENSOR DIGITORUM |
| SUPINATOR (supine: palm up) | Supinates the hand and the wrist |
| PRONATOR TERES (prone: palm down) | pronates the hand |
| FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS (radio: radius, ulna: ulna) | Flex the wrist Flexor carpi radialis abducts the hand Flexor carpi ulnaris adducts the hand |
| PALMARIS LONGUS | Weakly flexes the wrist |
| FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS (digit: finger) | flexes the distal joints of the fingers but not the thumb |
| EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALUS LONGUS AND BREVIS (carpo: wrist, radio:radius, long: long, brev: brief or short? | Extend the wrist and abduct the hand |
| EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS (carpo: wrist, ulna: ulna) | Extends the wrist and adducts the hand |
| EXTENSOR DIGITORUM (digit: finger? | Extends the fingers but not the thumb) |
| What are the skeletal muscles in the gluteal region that move the hip joint? | ILIOPSOAS MAJOR GLUTEUS MAXIMUS GLUTEUS MEDIUS AND MINIMUS |
| ILIOPSOAS MAJOR | Flexes the thigh at the hip joint |
| GLUTEUS MAXIMUS | Extends the thigh at the hip joint |
| GLUTEUS MEDIUS AND MINIMUS | abduct and inwardly rotate the thigh at the hip joint |
| What are the skeletal muscles in the femoral region that move the hip joint and knee joint? | ADDUCTOR LONGUS AND MAGNUS BICEPS FEMORIS, SEMITENDINOSUS and SEMIMEMBRANOSUS |
| ADDUCTOR LONGUS AND MAGNUS (adduct: toward the midline) | Adduct, flex and inwardly rotate the thigh |
| What are the three skeletal muscles known as the HAMSTRINGS? | BICEPS FEMORIS SEMITENDINOSAUS SEMIMEMBRANOSUS Extend the thigh at the hip joint and flex the leg at the knee joint |
| What four skeletal muscles are known as the QUADRICEPS FEMORIS? | RECTUS FEMORIS VASTUS LATERALIS VASTUS MEDIALIS VASTUS INTERMEDIUS Extend the leg at the knee |
| SARTORIUS | flexes, abducts and outwardly rotates the thigh. Also weakly flexes the knee. Carries out the act of sitting cross-legged |
| What are the skeletal muscles in the leg regions that move the joints in the foot? | TIBALIS ANTERIOR EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS GASTROCNEMIUS SOLEUS FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS |
| TIBIALIS ANTERIOR | Inverts and dorsiflexes the foot |
| EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS | Extends the toes and causes dorisflexion |
| GASTROCNEMIUS | plantar flexes the foot and flexes the leg at the knee. More commonly referred to as the calf muscle |
| SOLEUS | Also plantar flexes the foot |
| FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS | Plantar flexes the foot and flexes the toes |
Created by:
lizd3281