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Sociology
Paper 2: Family
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| During Industrial Revolution, what did men become identified with? | public world of production and wage labour |
| During the Industrial Revolution, what did women confined in? | Private sphere of consumption and the home |
| What did Pahl state? | Pahl said that we didn't have tasks based on gender in the agriculture era |
| What did Parsons 1955 say about the domestic division of labour? | He argues that the division of labour is based on biological differences. He claims that the division of labour is beneficial to both men and women. He believes there are two roles in the division of labour, the instrumental role and the expressive role |
| What is the instrumental role and whose role is this? | This is the role of the male and it is to achieve success work, provide financial support for the family and to be the breadwinner |
| What is the expressive role and whose role is this? | This is the role of the female and it is the home-maker and is seen as the primary socialization of the children. This role is to meet the families emotional role as it takes more of a nurturing role |
| What is a criticism of Parsons concept of instrumental and expressive role? | He ignores the dark side of the family - where domestic violence occurs |
| What does Bott say about the domestic division of labour? | That there are two roles in the family, segregated conjugal role and joint conjugal roles |
| What is segregated conjugal role and the joint conjugal roles? | Segregated conjugal roles is where couples have separate roles, a male breadwinner and a female homemakers. Joint conjugal roles is where couples share tasks such as housework and childcare and spend their leisure time together |
| What is a criticism of Botts concept? | There is no division of labour in LGBTQ couples. |
| What do Wilmott and Young say about the domestic division of labour? | They see family as gradually improving for all its members. Symmetrical family where the role of the husband and wives are now much more similar. Their study of families in London found symmetrical family to be much more common amongst younger couples |
| What are the reasons for a rise in symmetrical family? | - Changes in women's position in society - More women working - Geographical mobility - living away from communities you grew up in - New technology and labour saving devices, higher standards of living |
| What are criticism of Wilmott and Young? | - Rosetinted glass - Too optimistic - Overestimates the extent of equality or symmetry - Not representative of all classes, ethnicity etc - Anne Oakley criticises MOP |
| What is the feminist view of the domestic division of labour? | Anne Oakley rejects MOP as she believes that women and men remain unequal within the family and women do most of the housework. Men being seen as helping women more does not prove symmetry, it shows that responsibility of the housework is still the womens |
| What does Man-Yee Kan (2001) say about the impact of paid work on couples? | Income, age and education have a positive or negative correlation with the amount of housework women do. For every 10,000 increase in salary, there is a two hour reduction in housework |
| What does Gershuny(1994) say about the impact of paid work on couples? | Wives who work do less housework : - no work --> 83% of housework - part time --> 82% of housework - full time --> 73% of housework |
| Criticism of Gershuny | Women who work still do more housework than men who work, there there isn't much of a difference other than the 10% change |
| What does Gershuny (1994) state about the changes in domestic roles in women? | There has been a gradual increase in equality between the sexes due to a shift in norms and values around paid work. It is seen as the norma for wives and mothers to work |
| What does Crompton (1997) state about the changes in domestic roles in women? | Agrees with Gershuny, though she thinks the trend towards equality is linked to earning power rather than changing norms and values. Until we have truly equal pay between sexes, then the DOL in the home will remain unequal |
| t does Sullivan (1975, 1987, 1997) state about the changes in domestic roles in women? | Trend towards equality in the home. Men are taking on more traditionally female tasks (similar to the 'symmetrical family' theory) |
| What do feminist argue about the inequality in the domestic division of labour? | Feminists argue that women entering paid work has simply meant they now carry the dual burden of responsibility for both unpaid domestic work labour and paid employment |
| What is dual burden? | This is where women do paid work and Unpaid housework |
| What is triple shift? | This is where women also do emotional work alongside paid work and unpaid housework |
| What does Arber and Ginn (1995) say about dual burden? | Full day childcare is essential for many women to stay in employment |
| What does Morris (1990) say about dual burden? | Even when fathers unemployed, they avoid the housework - R.W Connel calls this the 'crisis of masculinity ' |
| What does Feri and Smith (1996) say about dual burden? | A survey sample of 1,589, 33 year old fathers took main responsibility for childcare in fewer than 4% of families |
| What is a criticism of dual burden? | Ramos (2003) contradicts morris, suggesting that in households with an employed male and female in full time employment do the same amount of housework - 19 hours per week |
| Who do functionality believe benefits from women's in labour at home? | Functionalists believe that everyone benefits from women's labour at home as it is beneficial for society |
| Who do marxists believe benefits from women's in labour at home? | Marxists feminists see domestic labour as benefitting capitalism as unpaid domestic labour reproduces the labour force at no extra cost to the capitalist through free reproduction and rearing of children and support for male workers |
| Who do feminists believe benefits from women's in labour at home? | Radical feminists believe that men benefit from domestic labour since it is overwhelming women who are responsible. They view the inequalities in domestic labour as part of the problem of patriarchy in the family and society. |
| What does Hochschild (1983) say about triple shift? | Suggests an even bleaker picture for mothers: paid work, followed by domestic work and supporting the family emotionally. MARSDEN 1995 calls this a triple shift |
| What did Dunne (1999) study show about LGBTQ+ families? | Studied 37 cohabiting lesbian couples with dependent children. They were more likely than hetrosexual couples to: - Share childcare and housework equally - Ascribe equal importance to their careers - View childcare positively |
| What does Dunne (1999) say about his findings ? | Thinks that inequality in the division of labour arises because of deeply ingrained 'gender scripts' - essentially norms and values about who does what in the home and gender roles |
| What does Volger (1993) say about money management? | He identified two main types of control over family income - Allowance system - men give their wives an allowance out of which they have to budget - Pooling where both partners have access to income and joint responsibility for expenditure |
| What does Pahl and Volger (1993) say about decision making? | That even in pooling, men often have the final say on major financial decisions. This is backed up by Hardills 1997 on his study and found that the important decisions were usually taken either by the man alone or jointly |
| What does the personal life perspective say? | Focuses on the meanings couples give to who controls the money. The meanings that money may have in relationships can't be taken for granted. |
| What does Volger et al say about the meaning of money? | Cohabitating couples were less likely to pool their money - perhaps from a desire to maintain their interdependence. Yet evidence suggests that cohabiting couples are more likely than married couples to share domestic tasks equally |
| What does Nyman (2003) say about the meaning of money? | Money has no automatic, fixed or natural meaning and different couples can define it in different ways. These meaning can reflect the nature of relationship |
| What does Weeks et al find about money management? | Weeks found that the typical pattern was pooling some money for household spending. This money management system thus reflects a value of co-independence where there's sharing, but each partner retains some control over money and maintain independence |
| What Is domestic violence? | Physical, psychological, sexual or financial violence that takes within an intimate or family-type relationship and forms a pattern of coercive and controlling behavior. It may involve partners, ex-partners, household members or other relatives |
| What does Selbourne (1993) say about domestic violence? | The largest category of murder victims in most years is children under the age of five years, at the hands of a family member |
| What does Dobash and Dobash (1979) find about domestic violence? | Interviewed women to research domestic violence. They found that violent incidents could be set off by what a husband saw as a challenge to his authority. They argue that marriage legitimates violence against women. |
| What did Lockhurst find about male victims of Domestic violence? | The problem of women on man violence is 'underestimated, under researched and under funded'. Because men are traditionally seen as controlling and aggressive. Feminists have dominated the research so that only women are seen as the victim of DV |
| What do Hester and Radfor suggest about domestic violence? | They suggested that male dominance in families still does exist and that the law wasn't very helpful. When divorce had taken place because of male violence towards the women, this wasn't taken into account when making custody arrangements for children |
| What does Richard Wilkinson (1996) say about domestic violence and material explanations? | Those on low income are likely to experience higher levels of stress. This reduces their chances of maintaining stable, caring relationships & increases the risk of conflict and violence. |
Created by:
H_alek