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biology definitions
Science definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mouth | Takes in food and chews it |
| Salivary glands | Produces the enzyme amylase |
| Oesophagus | Carries food from the mouth to the stomach |
| Liver | Produces bile to aid digestion of fat |
| Gall bladder | Stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine |
| Stomach | Churns food and adds hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria |
| Pancreas | Makes enzymes to digest food |
| Small intestine | Absorbs food into the blood, absorbs water from food into the blood |
| Large intestine | Absorbs water from food into the blood |
| Rectum | Stores faeces for egestion |
| Anus | allows faeces to pass from the body (egestion) |
| Red blood cells | Contains a red pigment called haemoglobin which carries oxygen. Transports oxygen from the lungs to all cells in the body. |
| White blood cells | Fights infection, protects the body against disease. Helps to clot blood when vessels are damaged |
| Platelets | Small cell fragments, helps clot blood when blood vessels are damaged. Form a plug to stop bleeding. |
| The nose | Main entrance for air coming into your body. Small hairs inside act as filters trapping dust and dirt particles before they can enter your lungs. This helps keep your airways clean and protects your lungs from harmful particles. |
| Trachea | Tube that carries air from your nose and mouth down into your lungs. It has rings of cartilage around it to keep it open and prevent from collapsing |
| Bronchi and bronchioles | When the trachea reaches your lungs, it splits into two branches. one goes to each lung. Inside the lungs they divide into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles. These are very narrow tubes that carry air deep into the lungs, right to the alveoli. |
| Lungs | You have 2 in your chest, these are the main organs of the respiratory system They are protected by your ribs, which form a cage around them. Inside your lungs are millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli. This is where the important job of gas exchange h |
| Alveoli | are tiny air sacs found at the end of the bronchioles. They have very thin walls and are surrounded by a network of blood vessels called capillaries. |
| Ribs and intercostal muscles | bones that form a protective cage around your lungs and heart. Between your ribs are muscles called intercostal muscles. These muscles play a crucial role in breathing by moving your chest up and down. |
| The diaphragm | s a large, dome-shaped muscle that sits below your lungs. It separates your chest cavity from your abdomen. It is one of the most important muscles for breathing. |
| Aerobic respiration | is the release of energy from food when oxygen is present in the reaction. This is the most common and efficient type of respiration. |
| The simple word equation for respiration is: | glucose+oxygen→energy+carbon dioxide+water |
| Photosynthesis | s the process by which plants make their own food using light energy. The word comes from two parts: 'photo' meaning light, and 'synthesis' meaning to produce or make. |
| word equation for photosynthesis | carbon dioxide+water+light energy (with chlorophyll)→glucose+oxygen |
| Chloroplasts | tiny structures inside leaf cells where photosynthesis occurs |
| Chlorophyll | the green pigment that captures light energy |
| Stomata | small pores that allow gases (CO₂ and O₂) to enter and exit the leaf |
| Reproduction | The biological process that allows living things to create new individuals of their species. Without reproduction, species would become extinct over time. |
| Sexual reproduction | a type of reproduction where two parents are required to produce offspring. This is how humans reproduce. Each parent contributes a special cell called a gamete, which contains genetic information that will be passed to the new individual. |
| fertilisation | When an egg and sperm successfully join together |
| zygote | The egg and sperm nuclei fuse to form a single cell called a |
| Testes | These are the male reproductive organs where sperm cells are produced. The testes also produce the hormone testosterone, which controls male characteristics and sexual development. |
| sperm ducts | These tubes carry sperm from the testes to the urethra in the penis. The sperm travel through these ducts during ejaculation. |
| Prostate gland and seminal vesicles | These glands produce a fluid called seminal fluid. This fluid mixes with sperm to form semen, which nourishes the sperm and helps them move. |
| Urethra | This tube runs through the penis and carries semen from the body during ejaculation. The urethra also carries urine from the bladder, but not at the same time as semen. |
| penis | This organ is placed in the vagina during sexual intercourse. The foreskin is a protective layer of skin that covers the end of the penis. |
| Puberty | is the period when changes occur in a young person's body, preparing them for reproduction |
| ovaries | These are the female reproductive organs. A woman has two ovaries, one on each side. The ovaries produce and release eggs (also called ova). They also produce female hormones, including oestrogen, which controls female characteristics. |
| Fallopian tubes | These tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus. When an egg is released from an ovary, it travels through the fallopian tube. This is where fertilisation occurs - where the sperm meets and joins with the egg. |
| Uterus (womb) | This is a muscular organ where a baby grows and develops during pregnancy. The lining of the uterus thickens each month to prepare for a possible pregnancy. |
| cervix | This is a narrow passage between the uterus and vagina. During birth, it widens to allow the baby to pass through. |
| Vagina | This muscular tube connects the cervix to the outside of the body. During sexual intercourse, the penis is placed in the vagina. It is also called the birth canal because the baby passes through it during birth. |
| Amniotic fluid | The baby is surrounded by a special fluid contained in a skin-like membrane called the amnion. This acts as a cushion, protecting the baby from bumps and injury. The fluid also allows the baby to move freely as it develops. |
| The placenta | This remarkable organ fully develops by around week 12 of pregnancy. The placenta is a mass of tissue that passes nutrients and oxygen from the mother's blood to the baby. |
| The umbilical cord | This vital cord connects the baby to the placenta. Blood vessels in the umbilical cord carry oxygen and nutrients to the baby and carry waste products away. |
| Contraception | refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy. There are two main types: natural contraception and artificial contraception. |
| IVF | is a medical procedure that can help couples who cannot conceive naturally, but it raises important ethical and societal questions. |
| DNA | is a double helix structure that carries genetic information and controls all cell activities |
| Chromosomes | are structures in the nucleus made of DNA wrapped around proteins. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) |
| Genes | Are sections of DNA that control the production of specific proteins. |
| Dominant gene | A gene that prevents another gene from working (being expressed). Dominant genes are given capital letters. For example, if brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes, then B = brown eyes. |
| Recessive gene | A gene that is prevented from being expressed (working) by the dominant gene. Recessive genes are given lowercase letters. For example, the gene for blue eyes is recessive, so b = blue eyes. |
| Biodiversity | describes the enormous variety of different living things found on Earth. From tiny bacteria to huge whales, from desert cacti to rainforest trees, our planet is home to millions of different species |
| Species | is a group of organisms that can breed with each other and produce fertile offspring |
| Extinction | occurs when there are no longer any living members of a particular species. This usually happens as a result of changes in the environment that make it unsuitable for that species' survival. |
| Natural selection | explains how organisms with favourable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing these traits to future generations |
| Inherited factors | characteristics you are born with, controlled by your genes |
| Environmental factors | everything around you that can affect your health |
| Enzymes | are special proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living cells |
| Amylase | breaks down starch into maltose (a simpler sugar) |
| Maltase | breaks down maltose into glucose (which your body can use for energy) |
| Nutrition | is concerned with the foods that are essential for life and good health. Your body needs various nutrients to function properly. |
| Antibiotics | are powerful medicines designed to kill bacteria and fungi. However, they are completely ineffective against viruses. |
| Ecology | is the scientific study of how living organisms interact with each other and with their physical surroundings. |
| Population | consists of all the members of a particular species that live in the same area. |
| Habitat | is the specific place where a particular organism lives. It provides everything the organism needs to survive |
| Ecosystem | is a community of living organisms that interact with each other and with their environment. Ecosystems can be large or small - a lake, a forest, or even a small pond can be an ecosystem. |
| Primary consumers | get their energy from the producers by eating them |
| secondary consumers | get their energy from primary consumers by eating them |
| tertiary consumers | get their energy from secondary consumers by eating them |
| Decomposers | are a group of organisms that feed on dead plant and animal matter. They break down the dead matter and recycle their nutrients back into the food chains |
| Abiotic factors | are the non-living things that affect organisms in their habitats. Examples include temperature, soil temperature, soil pH, and light intensity. |
| Biotic factors | are the living things that affect other living things. Examples include what organisms each organism feeds on, competition, interdependence, and adaptation. |
| Pooter | It has two tubes. You place one tube near the organism and you suck through the second tube with gauze. The gauze prevents you swallowing the organism |
| Adaption | is the way an organism is suited to survive in its environment. Different organisms have different adaptations depending on their habitat. |
| Competition | is the struggle between organisms for resources that are in short supply. |
| Invasive species | Are organisms that are introduced to new environments where they don't naturally belong. They can cause serious problems by competing with native species for food and space. |
| Overexploitation | means using natural resources faster than they can be replaced. Examples include: Over-fishing: Taking fish from the ocean faster than populations can reproduce |
| Conservation | is the wise management of ecosystems to prevent extinction, exploitation, destruction, and neglect. It involves making careful decisions about how we use natural resources so they will still be available for future generations. |
| Inflation | occurs when the general price level of goods and services rises over time. This means your money loses its purchasing power - the same amount of money buys fewer items than it could previously. |
Created by:
Luc25