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Particles
noun particles
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| -성 | -ity; -ness; -ance; -hood Form abstract nouns that describe a quality, nature, or characteristic, such as humanity (인간성) or productivity (생산성). While the meaning depends on context, it generally denotes "the nature/quality of" the root word. |
| -에서 나온 <noun> | <noun> derived from ~ <noun> that comes from ~ |
| <noun>(으)로부터 | <noun> originates action Indicates that an action or situation originates from the attached noun. 30분 전에 회사로부터 급한 연락을 받았어요.= I received an urgent call from the company 30 minutes ago. |
| -에 대한 | about |
| -에다가 | Additional item Add an item onto a current item, highlighting it. This is added to the first noun. The add-on item may either have the normal 를 or 이/가, or for extra emphasis can instead have the particle -까지 (in particular, especially). |
| -라는 표현 | an expression called ~ the term ~ |
| -과 (after LC) -와 (after no LC) -(이)랑 -하고 | AND In a list of nouns, use commas and put -과 / -와 after the second last one. The last one has the standard particle marker. If used on the last or only item, it means “with” |
| -만큼 | as xxx as xx만큼 원본만큼 매혹적이었어요=it was as enchanting as the original |
| -이니까 | because (it) is <noun> |
| <noun>-(이)라고 <noun>-(이)라 <noun>-(이)라는 -라고 하는 | called <noun>; known as <noun>; A.K.A. <noun>-라고 하는 and <noun>-라는 basically do the same thing. When it comes before another noun, 라는 usually turns into -(이)라는 instead after an LC. |
| -는 -은 | Topic marker; General fact about ...;As for...; Speaking of... Introducing a Subject/Topic: When starting a sentence or conversation about a specific person or thing. Highlighting Contrast: |
| -보다 | Comparison; than added to noun to comparison target “than” |
| -에, | Containing ingredients apple pie(에) contains apples |
| -(이)나 (ALSO Grammar <verb / adjective>(으)나 ) | Contrast two facts |
| –은 | Convert adjective to adverb It is attached to an adjective to make an adverb, and indicates the current state. |
| -질 | convert anything to noun Productive, often depreciative, nominalizing suffix that turns nouns, verbs, or adjectives into a noun representing an action or a repeated behavior |
| -적 | Convert noun to adjective; -ish; -like |
| 쟁이 | A suffix used to mean "a person who has a lot of that quality" or "a person who usually does something." |
| <verb>기 | Convert verb to noun 보기도 하다 = to also see, to even see |
| -씩 | each; every; per; [amount] at a time; [amount] apiece 몇 마일씩=miles and miles |
| 중 | Only one of many A나 B 중 하나 =either A or B (noty both) 과일 중에서=of (all) fruits... |
| 아니면 | OR A 아니면 B =A or B |
| -이라는 말 | emphasis the word / the expression (highlights the word itself, not the object or action.) |
| <noun>이라도 <noun>라도 (Grammar <verb/adjective>-어도/아도 ) | even if; even though noun + 이다 -> -이라도/라도 |
| -에게도 | even to <noun> 누구에게도=even to whomever/anyone |
| –치고 | for a <noun>; compared to a <noun> often with topic marker added after. |
| -께서 | Honorific subject particle |
| -님 | Formal and respectful honorific added to pronoun or title to show politeness and respect. |
| -께 | to/by an honoured person such as 아버지or 선생님 |
| 식탁 가운데 | in the center of the table |
| -적 | in the manner of <noun> <straightforward>전 = straightforward manner |
| 속 | inside; within something existing within a bigger place, not only physically. So it’s more about inclusion or being part of something bigger. Like - a Little Korea in(side) London. |
| -처럼요 | it is just like a <noun> |
| -처럼 | like; as; as if 바보-처럼 굴다=act like fool |
| -와 같이 | like; as; similar to |
| -같은 | like; such as |
| -에서 | place where an action is taking place. |
| -에 | place we are heading for, or where something exists/is |
| -으로 -로 | Means (to do action); Tool (to do action); To (direction of motion) 택시로 가요 => I take a taxi. 펜으로 쓰다 => 펜 (pen) + -으로 + 쓰다 (to write)=> to write with a pen If the noun is location, it indicates the direction of movement:- |
| - 에게로 | Movement towards subject; Coming for you It indicates a movement towards a specific subject. |
| -질 | noun modifier to create task/activity noun 양치질: the act of brushing teeth (habitual/general activity) 양치하는 것: the thing that is brushing teeth (more neutral, descriptive) |
| -를 -을 | object particleIn casual conversation, Koreans often drop the object marker. For casual emphasis you can sometimes use the subject marker |
| -만 | Only 이것만 = Only this; 커피만=Only coffee; 저만 – only me. |
| -끼리 | Only option means doing something only within a group, excluding others. 가족끼리 = only with family; 친구끼리 = only with friends; 우리끼리 =by ourselves |
| -이나 -나 <noun> 또는 <noun> | OR When you're quoting names or titles, 또는 sounds more natural and formal than -이나. Place after second-last item in list if a long list, otherwise after every one but last. |
| -산 | Origin; place of production; from .... indicates the origin or place of production of something. *캐나다산=from Canada / Canadian |
| -의 | Ownership marker |
| -같이 | particle using simile to point out a characteristic of preceding content |
| -인 | <country>인, <country>인들 = people of a country. combine two ideas into one sentence instead of using two separate sentences. 사순절 전날인 '슈로브 화요일'이에요=It is Shrove Tuesday, which is the day before Lent. 학생 -> 학생인 사람: a person who is a student |
| "..."이라고 "..."라고 | It indicates that the preceding noun or phrase is a quote or a statement being made or thought. -라고 하다 is used to quote a name or what something is called. So ‘튜브’라고 해요 -> it’s called ‘Tube’. You don’t need words like "about" or "being". |
| 마다 | Repetitive activity It indicates that all the circumstances are similar, or each situation repeats every time. 저는 주말마다 등산을 해요 = I go hiking every weekend. |
| -처럼 | Similarity; Comparison Used when a shape or an act is similar or the same as other one. Can liken a person to a professional singer, for example. |
| -부터 | Since; from a starting time 오늘부터 아침에 운동을 해요. I’ll start exercising in the morning from today. |
| -에게서 -한테서 | Starting point; Subject of action It indicates the starting point or the subject of a specific action. Form:- Noun + 에게서, Noun + 한테서, as in선배에게서 |
| -덕분(에} | Thanks to <noun>; that says (re legend on t-shirt, etc) |
| “...”에는 | Thanks to <noun> |
| -부터 ... -까지 | From...to... (time sequence) |
| <name> 씨 | Polite form of address |
| <name>아 | casual way of addressing a close friend. |
| -행 | to a place |
| -에게 | To/from/for <someone> |
| -에게서 | From <someone>. |
| -한테 | To/from <someone> (mainly in spoken dialogue) When used with a verb that already expresses a passive voice, 한테 can mean “by” as well. For example, 맞다 means “to be correct” it can be “to be beaten” or “to be hit”. A한테 맞다 =to be beaten by A. |
| 한테서 | From <someone> (mainly in spoken dialogue) |
| -도 | Too; Also; not even; no ... Can be used with a verb after changing verb to noun form. Verbs that are already in the form of “<Noun> 하다” don’t have to be changed in this manner. You can just separate the noun part from 하다 and add -도 after the noun part. |
| -에게로 | Towards someone; movement towards someone. |
| -을 위해 | for (someone) |
| -에서부터 | where; when It indicates the place or time where/when an action or state starts. |
| -와 함께 -괴 함께 -와 같이 -과 같이 | with something or someone |
| -인지 -인지 아닌지 | Whether Use when talking about a specific noun (e.g., whether it is gold, whether it is an apple) 이것이 진짜 금인지 알고 싶어요=I want to know whether this is real gold. |
| -만금 | ...as much as...; ...to the extent of..; up to the limit of ... |
| <noun> 각자 | each; each one; individually; respectively |
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