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drugs cardiovascular
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| agranulocytes | A type of white blood cell that includes monocytes and lymphocytes; they are characterized by an absence of granules in their cytoplasm (cellular fluid). |
| angina pectoris | A paroxysmal thoracic pain caused most often by myocardial anoxia, as a result of atherosclerosis or spasm of the coronary arteries. |
| angioplasty | A procedure used to widen vessels narrowed by stenosis or occlusions. |
| aortic valve | A valve in the heart between the left ventricle and the aorta. |
| arrhythmias | Various conditions of abnormal electrical heart activity; the heart may beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly; also called dysrhythmias. |
| coronary artery bypass graft | An autograft consisting of a segment of the coronary artery grafted into place to replace a damaged or nonfunctioning area. |
| cyanosis | A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, caused by an excess of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood. |
| diastole | The period between contractions of the atria or the ventricles, during which blood enters. |
| ejection fraction | The fraction of blood contained in the ventricle at the end of diastole, which is expelled during its contraction; the stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume, normally at 0.55. |
| erythropoiesis | The process of erythrocyte production in the bone marrow, involving the maturation of a nucleated precursor (reticulocyte) into a hemoglobin-filled red blood cell. This process is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin. |
| formed elements | The red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
| granulocytes | A type of white blood cell that includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils; these cells have granules in their cytoplasm. |
| hyperlipidemia | The presence of raised or abnormal levels of lipids (fatty molecules) or lipoproteins (biochemicals containing proteins and lipids) in the blood. |
| hypertension | High blood pressure; a chronic elevation of the blood pressure equivalent to or greater than 140/90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). |
| lipoproteins | Conjugated proteins in which lipids form an integral part of the molecules; they are synthesized primarily in the liver and contain varying amounts of cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins, phospholipids, and triglycerides. |
| lumen | The tubular space or channel within any organ or structure of the body. |
| mediastinum | The central compartment of the thoracic cavity within the chest. |
| mitral valve | A bicuspid valve situated between the left atrium and left ventricle. |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | A heart attack; it results in reduction of blood flow through one of the coronary arteries, causing ischemia and necrosis. |
| pacemaker | The sinoatrial node, composed of specialized nervous tissue and located at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium. |
| pernicious anemia | A disorder of red blood cells that causes them to develop enlarged, misshapen forms; it is caused by the inability to absorb b12 from the diet. |
| phagocytosis | The ability of a cell to engulf solid particles. |
| plasma | The fluid portion of blood that remains after all blood cells have been removed. Plasma consists of water and dissolved proteins, as well as amino acids, fats, electrolytes, gases, glucose, and metabolic wastes. |
| pulmonary valve | A tricuspid valve located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. |
| stent | A device or mold of a suitable material used to provide support for vessels or tubular structures that are being anastomosed. |
| systole | The point in the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle contracts, forcing blood out of the heart and into a blood vessel. |
| tachypnea | An abnormally rapid rate of breathing of more than 20 breaths per minute in adults. |
| tricuspid valve | A valve situated between the right atrium and right ventricle. |
| vacuole | A clear or fluid-filled space or cavity within a cell, which occurs when a droplet of water is ingested by the cytoplasm. |
| venae cavae | The collective name for the superior and inferior vena cava, which are the veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart. |
| Endocardium | inner layer, which lines the heart chambers. |
| myocardium | thicker and muscular middle heart layer. When this layer contracts, it establishes sufficient pressure to pump blood through the blood vessels |
| epicardium | outer heart layer. Enclosing the heart is a two-layered pleural sac known as the pericardium. The inner layer of this sac is composed of the epicardium, also known as the visceral pericardium. |
| formed elements | The red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
| Antihyperlipidemic Drugs | Antihyperlipidemic Drugs |
| Bile Acid Sequestrants | cholestyramine Questran® colesevelam Welchol® colestipol Colestid® |
| Fibrates | fenofibrate Tricor® gemfibrozil Lopid® |
| Nicotinic Acid | niacin Niacor®, Niaspan® |
| HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) | atorvastatin Lipitor® fluvastatin Lescol® lovastatin Altoprev®, Mevacor® pitavastatin Livalo® pravastatin Pravachol® rosuvastatin Crestor® simvastatin Zocor® |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids (fish oil) | omega-3-acid ethyl esters Lovaza® |
| Cholesterol-Absorption Inhibitors | ezetimibe Zetia® |
| Proprotein Converstase Subtilisin-Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Inhibitors | alirocumab Praluent® evolocumab Repatha® |
| Arteriosclerosis | degenerative changes in small arteries, which commonly occur in older adults and individuals with diabetes. Elasticity is lost, and the walls become thick and hard. The lumen gradually narrows and may become obscured. |
| Arteriosclerosis | This leads to diffuse ischemia and death in various tissues, such as those of the heart, kidneys, or brain. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and aging add to the progression of arteriosclerosis. |
| Atherosclerosis | syndrome differentiated by the presence of atheromas (plaques consisting of lipids, cells, often with attached thrombi, which form inside the walls of large arteries). Atheromas form primarily in large arteries such as the aorta and the coronary arteries. |
| drugs to treat hypertension | Diuretics, Beta-blockers, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), Calcium channel blockers, Alpha-blockers |
| Antihypertensive Agents | Antihypertensive Agents |
| Beta-Blockers | atenolol Tenormin® bisoprolol fumarate Zebeta® carvedilol Coreg® labetalol Trandate® metoprolol Lopressor® nadolol Corgard® propranolol Inderal® |
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors | benazepril Lotensin® captopril Capoten® enalapril Vasotec® fosinopril Monopril® lisinopril Zestril® perindopril Aceon® quinapril Accupril® ramipril Altace® trandolapril Mavik® |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) | azlisartan Edarbi® eprosartan Teveten® losartan Cozaar® olmesartan Benicar® telmisartan Micardis® valsartan Diovan® |
| Calcium Channel Blockers: Dihydropyridines | amlodipine Norvasc® felodipine Plendil® isradipine DynaCirc CR® nicardipine Cardene IV® nifedipine Procardia®, Procardia XL®, Adalat CC® nisoldipine Sular® |
| Thiazide Diuretics | chlorothiazide Diuril® chlorthalidone Thalitone® hydrochlorothiazide Microzide® indapamide Lozol® metolazone Zaroxolyn® |
| Loop Diuretics | bumetanide Bumex® ethacrynic acid Edecrin® furosemide Lasix® torsemide Demadex® |
| Potassium-Sparing Diuretics | amiloride Midamor® triamterene Dyrenium® |
| Aldosterone Antagonists | eplerenone Inspra® spironolactone Aldactone® |
| Angina pectoris | A paroxysmal thoracic pain caused most often by myocardial anoxia, as a result of atherosclerosis or spasm of the coronary arteries. episodic, reversible oxygen insufficiency in the heart muscle that causes varying forms of transient chest pain. |
| classic angina | predictable frequency, from exertion (often from exercising), emotional stress, or a heavy meal. In stable angina, pain is predictable in frequency and duration. Rest and nitroglycerin relieve the pain. |
| Unstable angina | medical emergency, and the patient must be treated in a hospital. It typically has a sudden onset and sudden worsening, which may progress to myocardial infarction. Unstable angina occurs during periods of rest. |
| Decubitus angina | periodic attacks of cardiac pain that occur when a person is lying down. It is also known as vasospastic angina. Decubitus angina occurs when the decreased myocardial blood flow is caused by spasms of the coronary arteries. |
| Silent angina | impairment of vasodilator reserve that causes angina-like chest pain in a person with normal coronary arteries. |
| treatment of angina pectoris | Nitroglycerin, Beta-adrenergic blockers, Calcium channel blockers |
| Antianginal Drugs | Antianginal Drugs |
| Nitrates | isosorbide Imdur® nitroglycerin Nitro-Bid®, Nitrol® PO, Topical Nitrodisc®, Nitro-Dur® Transdermal patch Nitrostat®; Nitrolingual® Sublingual (SL) tablets;SL pump spray |
| Beta-Adrenergic Blockers | acebutolol Sectral® atenolol Tenormin® nadolol Corgard® propranolol Inderal® |
| Calcium Channel Blockers | bepridil Vascor® diltiazem Cardizem® nifedipine Adalat®, Procardia® verapamil Calan®, Verelan PM® |
| Reperfusion therapy | restore blood flow to the injured heart muscle as quickly as possible to prevent permanent damage. This is performed mechanically in a cardiac catheterization department, with a catheter threaded through a large blood vessel toward the heart |
| Antiarrhythmic Drugs | Antiarrhythmic Drugs |
| Class I | disopyramide Norpace® flecainide Tambocor® lidocaine Xylocaine® mexiletine Mexitil® procainamide Pronestyl®, Procan SR® propafenone Rythmol® quinidine Quinidex® |
| Class II (beta-adrenergic blockers) | acebutolol Sectral® esmolol Brevibloc® propranolol hydrochloride Inderal®, InnoPran XL® sotalol Betapace® |
| Class III (drugs that interfere with potassium outflow) | amiodarone Cordarone®, Nexterone®, Amiodarone HCl Injection® bretylium Bretylium Tosylate Injection® dofetilide Tikosyn® dronedarone Multaq® |
| Class IV (calcium channel blockers) | diltiazem Cardizem®, Cartia XT® verapamil Calan®, Isoptin |
| Other Drugs | atropine sulfate Atropine® digoxin Lanoxin® |
| Heart Failure treatment | cardiac glycosides, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, fluid restriction, and a low-sodium diet. The only currently available cardiac glycoside is digoxin (Lanoxin®) |
| Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia | Treatment involves folic acid supplements, dietary changes to increase the amount of folic acid, and treating the underlying condition may result from alcohol abuse poor diet impaired absorption overcooking of food prolonged drug therapy |
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | disorder of oxygen transport in which hemoglobin synthesis is deficient. Iron supplements They should not be taken with antacids but should be taken with vitamin C. |
| Pernicious anemia | The resulting deficiency of this vitamin inhibits red blood cell growth, which leads to the production of fewer and deformed cells that have poor oxygen-carrying capacity. |
| Thrombocytopenia | deficiency of platelets in circulating blood. Severe thrombocytopenia can involve spontaneous bleeding. The most common cause of thrombocytopenia is cancer |
| Thrombocytopenia treatment | medications include corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulins, immune blockers (such as rituximab), and platelet growth factors (such as eltrombopag). In some cases, a splenectomy is required. |
| Thrombophlebitis | defined as an inflammation inside a vein along with the formation of a blood clot at the site. It is a dangerous situation because the thrombus may break away and lodge in a vital organ |
| Pulmonary Embolism | blockage of a pulmonary artery by fat, air, tumor tissue, or a thrombus that usually arises from a peripheral vein. Most commonly, a thrombus moves from one of the deep veins of the legs |
| Anticoagulants | Anticoagulants |
| Anticoagulants | heparin sodium Hepalean®, Hep-Lock® lepirudin Refludan® warfarin sodium Coumadin Sodium®, Panwarfin® |
| Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin | dalteparin Fragmin® enoxaparin Lovenox® tinzaparin Innohep® |
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